19．Some years ago，a Miami woman walking through an office building noticed two men standing together．Several minutes after her leaving，the men murdered a person working in the building．The police determined that the woman was the only witness and could possibly describe them．However，her memory of the men proved disappointingly unclear．Several days later，psychologist Ronald Fisher was brought in to obtain a more complete account from the woman．His interview produced a breakthrough-the woman reported a clear picture of one of the suspects．The important information enabled the police to arrest the suspect and close the case．
The police asked Fisher for help because of his rich knowledge in cognitive （认知的） interview，a kind of memory-rebuilding process．Memory researchers have found that people trying to remember a past event often only recall part of the relevant information．Human memory is selective and it is often distorted by stress．But a person's accurate recall of an event or understanding of a question can be improved using specific interviewing techniques．The"cognitive interview"was developed in the late 1990s．It encourages the witness to take an active role in recalling information rather than giving answers only to someone else's questions．
The witness first describes what happened in his or her own words，with no interviewer interruptions．The interviewer then goes further with specific techniques，such as having the witness tell the detail'，of what happened from different perspectives （角度）．
The cognitive interview focuses on guiding witnesses through four general recalling techniques：thinking about physical surroundings and personal feelings that existed at the time of past events； reporting everything that comes to mind about those events，no matter how broken it is； retelling events in a variety of time orders，such as from beginning to end，end to beginning，forward or backward； and adopting different perspectives while recalling events．
Experiments with police detectives trained in this demanding interview method find that they obtain nearly 50% more information from witnesses than before training，while error rates remain about the same．It is proved that cognitive interviews are quite important tools in improving the accuracy and completeness of witness testimony（证词）．
60．The purpose of the passage is toD．
A．give an account of a murder case
B．help a witness to recall information in a cognitive interview
C．prove Fisher was an expert in cognitive interview
D．introduce an idea of cognitive interview
61．What is required to recall in a cognitive interview for a witness？A
A．The surroundings and feelings at the time of the event．
B．The information about the event in the time order．
C．The important things that come to his or her mind．
D．The exact time at which a murder took place．
62．The key point in a cognitive interview is thatC．
A．the interview should take place outside the police station
B．the interviewer should interrupt the witness from time to time
C．the witness is encouraged to take part in recalling information
D．the witness should recall details at the scene of the event
63．The underlined word"distorted"in the passage probably means"A_．"
A．changed B．balanced C．arranged D．examined．
分析 本篇文章由 Miami 的谋杀事件引出认知访谈，接着介绍了认知访谈这种唤醒记忆的方式．
解答 60-63 DACA
60：D 主旨题．第一段由 Miami 的谋杀事件引出认知访谈，接着文章介绍了认知访谈这种唤醒记忆的方式，所以作者的目的在于介绍认知访谈，故正确答案为D．
61：A 细节题．由第四段第一句"The cognitive interview focuses on guiding witnesses through four general recalling techniques：thinking about physical surroundings and personal feelings that existed at the time of past events…"可知正确答案为A．
62：C 细节题．由第二段最后一句"It encourages the witness to take an active role in recalling information rather than giving answers only to someone else's questions．"可知 cognitive interview 鼓励目击者积极投入到记忆唤醒中，C项符合文意，故正确答案为C．
63：A 用A项替换 distorted，则划线词所在句"Human memory is selective and it is often distorted by stress．"意为"人类的记忆是有选择性的，而且它常常由于压力被扭曲"，符合文意，所以A项正确．B项"平衡"，C项"安排"，D项"检查"，均不符合文意，故正确答案为A．
点评 做阅读时经常犯错的主要原因是，仅凭读过文章后残留在脑海中的一丝印象来勾选答案，这样便很容易掉入出题人故意设布下的题目陷阱．所谓阅读理解，对于题目的理解一定要忠实于原文，因此，每一道题都应该与原文作全面的对比与核查，再得出答案．也就是说，阅读理解的每一道题目，在原文都应该有明确的出处，我们把这一出处叫做原文相关句，（1）排除与原文相关句主题不一致的选项（2）排除与原文相关句态度相反的选项 （3）排除用于过于极端或负面的选项（4）注意结合文章主旨和主题去排除．
