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    阅读理解

    　　Oceanography(海洋学)has been defined as“The application of all sciences to the study of the sea．”

    　　Before the nineteenth century scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between．Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant(不情愿的)to go to sea to further his work．

    　　For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay under the surface．The first time that the question“What is at the bottom of the oceans?”had to be answered with any commercial consequence(商业影响)was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed．The engineer had to know the depth profile(起伏形状)of the route to estimate(估计)the length of cable that had to be manufactured．

    　　It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter．In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings(测深)were taken to investigate(调查)the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans．Later, some of his findings aroused(引起)much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea．

    　　The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent(永久的)and reliable．At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea．

    　　Within a few years oceanography was under way．In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition(考察), which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea．Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895．

    (1)

    The aim of the voyages Maury was responsible for in the 1840s was ________．

    [　　]

    A．

    to make some sounding experiments in the oceans

    B．

    to collect samples of sea plants and animals

    C．

    to estimate the length of cable that was needed

    D．

    to measure the depths of the two oceans

    (2)

    The underlined word “defied” in the 5th paragraph probably means ________．

    [　　]

    A．

    doubted

    B．

    gave proof to

    C．

    challenged

    D．

    agreed to

    (3)

    This passage is mainly about ________．

    [　　]

    A．

    the beginnings of oceanography

    B．

    the laying of the first undersea cable

    C．

    the investigation of ocean depths

    D．

    the early intercontinental communications

    答案：1．D;2．C;3．A;
    解析：

    (1)

    本题问的是19世纪40年代Maury负责的远洋航行的目的是什么。这个问题比较具体。题干本身已点明了答案可能的出处，即第四段的第二句。这句中动词不定式to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans回答了这个问题。所以，答案是D项。

    (2)

    前一部分说“从海底捞出的电缆上覆盖着各种各样的生物”，后一部分说“当时的科学观点认为海洋深处是没有生命的”。由此可见，前一部分的“事实”是“批驳”后一部分的“观点”。所以答案是C项。

    (3)

    本题问及全篇的中心意思。第一段谈的是关于“海洋学”的定义；第二段是讲19世纪前对海洋感兴趣的科学家不多；第三段谈到由于有人提出铺设海底电缆，人们开始研究“海底深处究竟有什么”；第四段说Maury考察北大西洋和太平洋的发现引起广泛的注意；第五段讲在铺设海底电缆过程中发现大量海洋生物；最后一段是海洋学研究的成果。可见全篇主要还是讲海洋学的研究是如何开展起来的。所以，答案是A项，其余几项均为细节，不能作为主题。


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    [　　]

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