A study of more than five million books, both fiction and non-fiction, has found a marked decline in the use of emotional words over time. The researchers form the University of Bristol used Google Ngram Viewer, a facility for finding the frequency of terms in scanned books, to search for more than 600 particular words identified as representing anger, dislike, fear, joy, sadness and surprise.
They found that almost all of the categories showed a drop in these “mood words” over time. Only in the category of fear was there an increase in usage.
“It is a steady and continuous decrease,” said Dr Alberto Acerbi. He assumed that the result might be explained by a change in the position occupied by literature, in a crowded media landscape. “One thing could be that in parallel to books the 20th century saw the start of other media. Maybe these media — movies, radio, drama, had more emotional content than books.”
Although both joy and sadness followed the general downwards trend, the research, published in the journal PLOS One, found that they also exhibited another interesting behaviour：the ratio (比率) between the two varied greatly, apparently mirroring historical events.
During the Roaring Twenties the joy-to-sadness ratio reached a peak that would not occur again until before the recent financial crash. But the ratio plunged at the height of the Second World War. Nevertheless, the researchers held a reserved opinion about their claim that their result reflected wider social trends. In the paper, they even argue that the reverse could be true.
“It has been suggested, for example, that it was the suppression (压抑) of desire in ordinary Elizabethan English life that increased demand for writing ‘filled with romance and sex’… perhaps,” they conclude, “songs and books may not reflect the real population any more than catwalk models reflect the average body.”
1.The word "decline" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to_________.
A. increase B. rise C. decrease D. change
2.A study of more than five million books indicated a decrease in “mood words” over time except_______.
A. in the use of the words of historical events
B. in the category of fear
C. in the category of literature
D. in the category of joy
3.What’s the main idea of this passage?
A. A study of emotional words.
B. A study about vocabulary in literature.
C. Reasons for the use of emotional words decreases in literature.
D. A study on increase in the category of fear.
科目：高中英语 来源：2014-2015学年广西桂林第十八中学高二下开学英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
Many animals recognize their food because they see it. So do humans. When you see an apple or a piece of chocolate you know that these are things you can eat. You can also use other senses when you choose your food. You may like it because it smells good or because it tastes good. You may dislike some types of food because they do not look, smell or taste very nice. Different animals use different senses to find and choose their food. A few animals depend on only one of their senses, while most animals use more than one sense.
Although there are many different types of food, some animals spend their lives eating only one type. The giant panda eats only one particular type of bamboo. Other animals eat only one type of food even when given the choice. A kind of white butterfly will stay on the leaves of a cabbage, even though there are plenty of other vegetables in the garden. However, most animals have a more varied diet. The bear eats fruits and fish. The fox eats small animals, birds and fruits. The diet of these animals will be different depending on the season.
Humans have a very varied diet. We often eat food because we like it and not because it is good for us. In countries such as France and Britain, people eat foods with too much sugar. This makes them overweight, which is bad for their health. Eating too much red meat and animal products, such as butter, can also be bad for the health. Choosing the right food, therefore, has become an area of study in modern life.
1.We can infer from the text that humans and animals _________.
A. depend on one sense in choosing food
B. are not satisfied with their food
C. choose food in similar ways
D. eat entirely different food
2.Which of the following eats only one type of food?
A. The white butterfly. B. The small bird.
C. The bear. D. The fox.
3. Certain animals change their choice of food when ___________.
A. the season changes
B. the food color changes
C. they move to different places
D. they are attracted by different smells
4. We can learn from the last paragraph that __________.
A. food is chosen for a good reason
B. French and British food is good
C. some people have few choices of food
D. some people care little about healthy diet
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科目：高中英语 来源：2015年高考原创英语预测卷 01（福建卷） 题型：单项填空
In this firm, it is necessary that whoever ______ recently come here _____ this kind of test.
A．has; has B．has; have
C．have; have D．have; has
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科目：高中英语 来源：2014-2015学年山东泰安市高三下学期一模诊断测试英语试卷（解析版） 题型：其他题
Everyone wants love，money，success and so on in life．Yet too many people fail to achieve their goals, and nearly all of them are for the same reason．Generally speaking，getting what you really want out of life is just a matter of the following simple steps．
You have to decide what it is you want the most．But do not make a list of wishes． 1. .If you’re not sure about where you want to go，you’d better think it over first and not hurry to perform．
2. ．This will be your map for getting from“where you are now”to“where you want to go”．You know what you want，and what steps you are going to take to get it．For example，if you want a better job，start with a skills assessment and maybe some extra training．You’11 need to sell yourself and your skills to your new employer．
Other goals will require a bit more thought．Some will really get you lost without a clue of how to get there． 3. ．
The final step is to carry it out． 4. ．Take the steps you outlined on your road map and keep going on all the time．If you run into some people who are against you，simply ignore them．
5. ．Keep pushing．Whatever you do，do not lose heart before you have what you desire in your hands．Never think that you can’t turn your dream into a reality．
A．Do what you have planned．
B．Hold a right attitude to what you’ve achieved．
C．Never give up the goal．
D．Try to focus on one thing at a time．
E．Not to worry，though，books can be of great help．
F． Make an action plan with care．
G．Form a good habit，whatever the result may be．
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科目：高中英语 来源：2014-2015学年宁夏银川一中高三第四次月考英语试卷（解析版） 题型：语法填空
Recently a new science behind incentives(激励), 1.___ (include) in education, has been discussed. For example, researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children _2.__ (do) better in school. ___3._ some cases, he gave students incentives based on input(输入), like reading certain books, while in 4.___, the incentives _ 5. (base) on output, like results on exams. His main _6._ (find) was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect when based on output. Fryer’s conclusion was that the incentives for inputs might be 7.____ (effect) because students do not know how to do better on an exam, apart from general rules like “study harder”. Reading certain books, on the other hand, is a well-set task over 8.___ they have much more control.
As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have 9.__ much higher chance of success. And it’s easier to start again 10. you fail, because you know exactly what you need to do.
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科目：高中英语 来源：2014-2015学年宁夏银川九中高二上期末考试英语试卷（解析版） 题型：语法填空
In many countries, ___1.___ is not unusual for families of different backgrounds to live together in the shared space. __2.__, in the United States, this idea may still be considered strange.
But this type of housing, ___3.___(call) co-housing, is gaining ___4.__ (popular) in the United States, too. Co-housing complexes are popping up across the country. For many people, this way of life is a relief to the busy modern lifestyle. A co-housing community has __5.___ (private) owned houses and shared land. There is often a “common house” with _6.___ kitchen and dining room, meeting room, and maybe a workshop of library or music room. About 25 co-housing communities __7.__ (build) in recent years, and 150 more are planned.
A co-housing complex is a place _8.___ residents shop, cook, and eat together. Residents of a co-housing complex like its sense of shared community. Children have other kids to play __9.__, which many families like. Other residents like the feeling of living in a “village”. Residents also say that they can live in co-housing for __10.___ money than they would pay for nearby apartments.
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科目：高中英语 来源：2014-2015学年辽宁大连市高一上期末考试英语试卷（解析版） 题型：短文改错
短文改错 (共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
假定在英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词：
2. 只允许修改l0处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Students need enough sports and activities to keep fit and relax, and in some schools students are not giving enough time to do outdoor activities. Teachers ask students to spend most of their time at studies. But if students feel tired, they can’t pay attention to that they’re studying. They will be in a bad health. It’s also not good for his studies. In my opinions, it’s important give students enough time to do outdoor activities. Then they will enjoy better health and work hard. So please pay more attention to student health and growth.
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科目：高中英语 来源：2014-2015学年江西南昌第三中学高二上期中英语试卷（解析版） 题型：单项填空
—My deskmate accused me breaking her glasses.
—Oh,you had the right to defend yourself her accusation.
A.of;against B.for;from
C.of;for D.for;against
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科目：高中英语 来源：2014-2015学年天津十二区县重点学校高三毕业班联考一英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
It’s well known that our human memory can fail us. People can be forgetful, and they can sometimes also “remember” things incorrectly, with damaging consequences in the classroom, courtroom, and other areas of life. Now, researchers show for the first time that bumblebees(大黄蜂) can be unreliable witnesses too.
Bumblebees are rather clever animals, which explains why Chittka has been studying learning and memory in the insects for the last 20 years.
Most times when people have studied memory in animals, errors in performance have been taken to mean that the animals failed to learn the task or perhaps learned it and then forgot. But what if animals can experience a more interesting type of memory failure?
To find out, Chittka first trained bumblebees to expect a reward when visiting a yellow artificial flower followed by one with black-and-white rings. During subsequent tests, bees were given a choice between three types of flowers. Two were the types they’d seen in the training before. The third had yellow-and-white rings, representing a mixed-up version of the other two. Minutes after the training, the bees showed a clear preference for the flower that recently rewarded them.
One or three days later, however, something very different happened when the bumblebees’ memory was put to the test. At first, the bees showed the same preference displayed in the earlier tests, but as the time went on, they began selecting the flower with yellow rings, even though they’d never actually seen that one in training before.
Chittka says that insects make similar errors in the conjunction (结合) of long-term memories as humans do. The ability to extract (提取) common features between different events in the environment might come at the expense of remembering every detail correctly. In bees, with their limited brain capacity (容量), the pressure to store main features of several objects rather than each individual object might be much greater, compared with humans.
1.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. Human memory can fail sometimes.
B. Bumblebees make false memories too.
C. Humans are not as clever as bumblebees.
D. Bumblebees have extraordinary memory.
2.Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the underlined word “subsequent”?
A. scientific B. accurate
C. following D. exceptional
3.According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Memory failure influences students’ study effects.
B. Bumblebees’ memory is complicated and worth studying.
C. The bees couldn’t make out which flower had rewarded them days later.
D. Bumblebees are stupid insects with limited brain capacity.
4. What does the test mentioned in Paragraph 4 tell us?
A. Short-term memories serve the bees well.
B. The yellow artificial flower appeals to the bees.
C. Bumblebees like the flowers with yellow-and-white rings.
D. Bees have remarkable abilities to distinguish colors.
5.We can infer from the passage that ______.
A. Chittka thinks that bumblebees failed to remember the color of the flowers
B. Researchers have learned that bumblebees are unreliable animals
C. There exist no similarities between the memory errors in humans and bees.
D. It is less challenging for humans than bees to store main features of several objects.
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