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    　　When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses．This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander effect．

    　　The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect, which is named after Catherine “Kitty" Genovese, a young woman who was cruelly murdered on March 13, 1964．Early in the morning, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work．As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed(刺)by a man later identified as Winston Moseley．Despite Genovese's repeated cries for help, none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police for help．The attack first began at 3∶20, but it was not until 3∶50 that someone first contacted police．

    　　Many psychologists were set thinking by the incident, as well as most Americans．As the conclusion, the bystander effect came out and later proved by a series of studies and experiments．

    　　There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect．First, the presence of other people creates a division of responsibility．Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present．The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways．When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate．

    　　Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation is ambiguous．In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lovers' quarrel", and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered．

    (1)

    The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect because ________ a woman surnamed Genovese．

    [　　]

    A．

    it somehow caused the murder of

    B．

    its discovery resulted from the murder of

    C．

    it was actually discovered by

    D．

    it always makes people think of

    (2)

    Genovese was murdered ________．

    [　　]

    A．

    while she was going out

    B．

    in her apartment

    C．

    halfway home

    D．

    near her apartment

    (3)

    Which can NOT have been a possible reason for the neighbors NOT offering Genovese help?

    [　　]

    A．

    They believed in the bystander effect．

    B．

    They thought someone else might help her．

    C．

    They didn't think they should help．

    D．

    They didn't think she needed help．

    (4)

    Before deciding to offer help, observers may ________, according to the psychologists．

    [　　]

    A．

    wait for sort of a signal

    B．

    hesitate and estimate the risk of getting hurt

    C．

    want to be sure it's appropriate to react

    D．

    wonder if the victim is worth helping

    (5)

    The article seems to suggest that, if there had been ________ observers, Genovese might not have been murdered．

    [　　]

    A．

    no

    B．

    fewer

    C．

    more

    D．

    braver

    答案：1．B;2．D;3．A;4．C;5．B;
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    科目：高中英语 来源：设计必修一英语北师版 北师版 题型：050

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    How Long Can People Live?

    　　She took up skating at age 85, made her first movie appearance at age 114, and held a concert in the neighborhood on her 121st birthday．

    　　Whe n it comes to long life, Jeanne Calment is the world’s recordholder．She lived to the ripe old age of 122．So is 122 the upper limit to the human life span(寿命)?If scientists come up with some sort of pill or diet that would slow aging, could we possibly make it to 150－or beyond?

    　　Researchers don’t entirely agree on the answers．“Calment lived to 122, so it wouldn’t surprise me if someone alive today reaches 130 or 135,”says Jerry Shay at the University of Texas．

    　　Steve Austad at the University of Texas agrees．“People can live much longer than we think,”he says．“Experts used to say that humans couldn’t live past 110．When Calment blew past that age, they raised the number to 120．So why can’t we go higher?”

    　　The trouble with guessing how old people can live to be is that it’s all just guessing．“Anyone can make up a number,”says Rich Miller at the University of Michigan．“Usually the scientist who picks the highest number gets his name in Time magazine．”

    　　Won’t new anti-aging techniques keep us alive for centuries?Any cure, says Miller, for aging would probably keep most of us kicking until about 120．Researchers are working on treatments that lengthen the life span of mice by 50 percent at most．So, if the average human life span is about 80 years, says Miller,“adding another 50 percent would get you to 120．”

    　　So what can we conclude from this little disagreement among the researchers?That life span is flexible(有弹性的)，but there is a limit, says George Martin of the University of Washington．“We can get flies to live 50 percent longer,”he says．“But a fly’s never going to live 150 years．”

    　　“Of course, if you became a new species(物种)，one that ages at a slower speed, that would be a different story,”he adds．

    　　Does Martin really believe that humans could evolve(进化)their way to longer life?“It’s pretty cool to think about it,”he says with a smile．

    (1)

    What does the story of Jeanne Calment prove to us?

    [　　]

    A．

    People can live to 122．

    B．

    Old people are creative．

    C．

    Women are sporty at 85．

    D．

    Women live longer than men．

    (2)

    According to Steve Austad at the University of Texas, ________．

    [　　]

    A．

    the average human life span could be 110

    B．

    scientists cannot find ways to slow aging

    C．

    few people can expect to live to over 150

    D．

    researchers are not sure how long people can live

    (3)

    Who would agree that a scientist will become famous if he makes the wildest guess at longevity?

    [　　]

    A．

    Jerry Shay．

    B．

    Steve Austad

    C．

    Rich Miller

    D．

    George Martin

    (4)

    What can we infer from the last three paragraphs?

    [　　]

    A．

    Most of us could be good at sports even at 120．

    B．

    The average human life span cannot be doubled．

    C．

    Scientists believe mice are aging at a slower speed than before．

    D．

    New techniques could be used to change flies into a new species．

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