Even while in a deep sleep, people can still learn brand new information. Sleepers soak in new associations between smells and sounds, knowledge that lingers(逗留)into the next waking day, researchers report online August 26 in Nature Neuroscience.
The new study is the first to show that entirely new information can get into the sleeping mind, says Anat Arzi of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel. "The brain is not passive while you sleep. It's quite active. You can do quite a lot of things while you are asleep."
But the results don't mean that Spanish vocabulary tapes now have a place on the nightstand. L, Researchers have tried but largely failed to find evidence that complicated information, such as new pairs of words, can make its way into the brain during sleep.
Instead of trying to teach people something complicated like a new language, Arzi and her colleagues relied on the sense of smell and hearing. As anyone who has walked by a dumpster(垃圾车)in July knows, smells can cause a nose-jerk reaction. Catching a bad smell automatically makes people inhale(吸气)less, reducing the size of the inhale. But scent of fresh bread causes a long, deep inhale.、rzi and her team took advantage of this reaction for their experiment.
As people slept in the laboratory, the researchers delivered pleasant scent, such as shampoo. As this nice smell got into the sleepers' noses, the researchers played a particular music. Later, a disgusting smell, such as rotten fish or meat, was paired with a different music. Neither the smell nor the sound woke people up. After just four exposures to the smell-music pair during a single night, the sleepers started to automatically respond to the tones without the accompanying smells, taking in bigger breaths when the shampoo-associated tone played and smaller breaths when played the sound linked to the rotten fish smell.
This new learned association lingered into the next waking day, too. Even though the sleepers had no idea they had been exposed to smells or sounds, their behavior proved that their brain had actually learned something during sleep. As before, the shampoo sound stimulated a long, deep inhale, while the rotten fish tone caused more shallow breaths.
【小题1】We can infer from the passage that
A.while sleeping, we can learn whatever we want to learn |
B.we will increase the size of inhale if we catch a pleasant smell |
C.the knowledge we learned while sleeping will be forgotten in the next waken day |
D.when walking by a bakery, the fresh bread will cause a nose-jerk reaction |
A.One can’t acquire complicated knowledge during the sleeping hours. |
B.Spanish vocabulary tapes now have a place on the nightstand |
C.Researchers have tried to find evidence that the new words can be learned during sleep. |
D.Complicated information can make its way into the brain during sleep |
A.giving instructions | B.analyzing human brains |
C.following the guides of others | D.doing experiments |
A.Culture. | B.Science. | C.History. | D.Economy. |
【小题1】B
【小题2】A
【小题3】D
【小题4】B
解析试题分析:这篇文章介绍一项研究报告:人们在睡眠的状态下不是被动的马尔斯积极的,可以获取信息也能第气味做出反应。
【小题1】推理题:从文章第四段的句子: Catching a bad smell automatically makes people inhale(吸气)less, reducing the size of the inhale ,But scent of fresh bread causes a long, deep inhale.可以推断出当闻到好闻的气味,人们会增加吸气的量,选B
【小题2】段落大意题:从第三段的句子:Researchers have tried but largely failed to find evidence that complicated information, such as new pairs of words, can make its way into the brain during sleep.可知这段讲的是在睡眠的时候,人们是不能获得复杂的知识的,选A
【小题3】细节题:从文章第四段的句子:Aizi and her team took advantage of this reaction for their experiment.
可知Arzi 和他的团队是通过做实验来做研究的,选D
【小题4】文章出处题:通过文章的第一段的内容:可知这篇文章介绍人们在睡眠的状态下不是被动的马尔斯积极的,可以获取信息也能第气味做出反应,所以是出自报纸的科技版面,选B
考点:考查科普类短文
科目:高中英语 来源: 题型:阅读理解
If English means endless new words,difficult gramrnar and sometimes strange pronunciation,you are wrong.Haven’t you noticed that you have become smarter since you started to learn a language?
According to a new study by a British university,learning a second language can lead to an increase in your brain power,Researchers found that learning other languages changes grey matter.This is the area of the brain which processes information.It is similar to the way that exercise builds muscles.
The study also found the effect is greater,the younger people learn a second language.
A team led by Dr Andrea Mechelli,from University College London,took a group of Britons who only spoke English.They were compared with a goup of “early bilinguals.’’who had learnt a second language before the age of five,as well as a number of later learners.
Scans showed that grey matter density(密度)in the brain was greater in bilinguals than in people without a second language.But the longer a person waited before mastering a new language,the smaller the difference.
“Our findings suggest that the structure of the brain is changed by the experience of learning a second language,”said the scientists.
It means that the change itself increases the ability to learn.
Professor Dylan Vaughan Jones of the University of Wales has researched the link between bilingualism and maths skills. ‘‘Having two languages gives you two windows on the world and makes the brain more flexible,”he said.“You are actually going beyond language and have a better understanding of different ideas.”
The findings were matched in a study of native Italian speakers who had learned English as a second language between the ages of 2 and 34. Reading,writing,and comprehension were all tested.The results showed,that the younger they started to learn,the better.“Studying a language means you get an entrance to another world,’’explained the scientists.
【小题1】The main subject talked about in this passage is
A.language can help brain power |
B.man's ability of learning a second language |
C.science on learning a second language |
D.language learning and maths study |
A.say language is also a kind of physical labor |
B.make people believe language learning helps grey matter work well |
C.show the importance of using the language when you learn the language |
D.prove that one needs more practice when he(she)is learning a language |
A.people who can speak two languages |
B.second language learners |
C.researchers on language learning |
D.active language learners |
A.the experience of learning a second language has bad effect on people’s brain |
B.there is no difference between a later second language learner and one who doesn’t know a second language |
C.the earlier you start to learn a second language,the higher the grey matter density is |
D.the ability of learning a second language is changing all the time |
A.learning a second language is the same as studying maths |
B.Italian is the best choice for you as a second language |
C.you’d better choose the ages between 2 and 34 to learn a second language |
D.early learning of a second language helps you a great deal in studying other subjects |
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科目:高中英语 来源: 题型:阅读理解
Boiler rooms are often dirty and steamy, but this one is clean and cool. Fox Point is a very new47-unit living building in South Bronx, one of the city’s poorest areas. Two-thirds of the people living there are formerly (以前) homeless people, whose rent is paid by the government. The rest are low-income families. The boiler room has special equipment, which produces energy for electricity and heat. It reuses heat that would otherwise be lost to the air, reducing carbon emissions(碳排放)while also cutting costs.
Fox Point is operated by Palladian, a group that specializes in providing housing and services to needy, people. Palladian received support from Enterprise Community Partners (ECP), which helps build affordable housing by providing support to housing developers.
ECP has created national standards for healthy, environmentally (环境方面) clever and affordable homes which are called, the Green Communities Standards. These standards include water keeping, energy saving and the use of environmentally friendly building materials. Meeting the standards increases housing construction costs by 2%, which is rapidly paid back by lower running costs. Even the positioning of a window to get most daylight can help save energy.
Michael. Bloomberg, New York's mayor, plans to create 165,000 affordable housing units for500,000 New Yorkers. Almost 80% of New York City’s greenhouse-gas emissions come from buildings, and 40% of those are caused, by housing. So he recently announced that the city’s Department of Housing and Preservation and Development (DHPD) , whose duty is to develop and keep the city’s supply of affordable housing, will require all its new projects to follow ECP’s green standards.
Similar measures have been taken by other cities such as Cleveland and Denver, but New York’s DHPD is the largest city developer of affordable housing in the country.
【小题1】 What is the purpose of describing the boiler room in the first paragraph?
A.To explain the measures the city takes to care for poor people. |
B.To suggest that affordable housing is possible in all areas. |
C.To show how the environment-friendly building works. |
D.To compare old and new boiler rooms. |
A.Lower running costs. |
B.Costing less in construction. |
C.Less air to be lost in hot days. |
D.Better prices for homeless people. |
A.New York City is seriously polluted |
B.people’s daily life causes many carbon emissions in New York City |
C.a great number of people in New York City don't have houses to live in |
D.some other cities have developed more affordable housing than New York City |
A.To call on people to pay more attention to housing problems. |
B.To prove that some standards are needed for affordable housing. |
C.To ask society to help homeless people and low-income families. |
D.To introduce healthy, environmentally clever-and affordable housing. |
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科目:高中英语 来源: 题型:阅读理解
Disposing(处理)of waste has been a problem since humans started producing it.As more and more people choose to live close together in cities,the waste-disposal problem becomes Increasingly difficult.
During the eighteenth century,it was usual for several neighboring towns to get together to select a faraway spot as a dump site.Residents or trash haulers(垃圾拖运者)would transport household rubbish,rotted wood,and old possessions to the site.Periodically(定期的)some of the trash was burned and the rest was buried.The unpleasant sights and smells caused no problem because nobody lived close by.
Factories,mills,and other industrial sites also had waste to be disposed of.Those located on rivers often just dumped the unwanted remains into the water.Others built huge burners with chimneys to deal with the problem.
Several facts make these choices unacceptable to modern society.The first problem is space Dumps,which are now called landfills,are most needed in heavily populated areas.Such areas rarely have empty land suitable for this purpose.Property is either too expensive or too close to residential(住宅区的) neighborhoods.Long-distance trash hauling has been a common practice but once farm areas are refusing to accept rubbish from elsewhere,cheap land within trucking distance of major city areas is almost nonexistent.
Awareness(意识) of pollution dangers has resulted in more strict rules of waste disposal. Pollution of rivers,ground water,land and air is a price people can no longer pay to get rid of waste. The amount of waste,however,continues to grow.
Recycling efforts have become commonplace,and many towns require their people to take part.Even he most efficient recycling programs,however,can hope to deal with only about 50 Percent of a city’s reusable waste.
【小题1】The most suitable title for this passage would be _______.
A.Places for Disposing Waste | B.Waste Pollution Dangers |
C.Ways of Getting Rid of Waste | D.Waste Disposal Problem |
A.burying it | B.recycling it |
C.burning it | D.throwing it into rivers |
A.Farm areas accept waste from the city in modern society. |
B.There is cheap land to bury waste in modern society. |
C.It is difficult to find space to bury waste in modern society. |
D.Ways to deal with waste in modern society stay the same. |
A.draw people’s attention to waste management |
B.warn people of the pollution dangers we are facing |
C.call on people to take part in recycling programs |
D.tell people a better way to get rid of the waste |
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科目:高中英语 来源: 题型:阅读理解
Global warming is when the earth heats up,the temperature rises.It happens when greenhouse gases—carbon dioxide,water vapor,nitrous oxide(二氧化氮),and methane(沼气) trap heat and light from the sun in the earth’s atmosphere,which increases the temperature.This is like when heat is trapped in a car.On a very hot day,the car gets hotter when it is out in the parking lot.This is because the heat and light from the sun can get into the car,by going through the windows,but it can’t get back out.Once the light is inside the car,it is trapped and the heat builds up,just like it does in the earth’s atmosphere.This is what the greenhouse effect does to the earth.The heat and light can get through the atmosphere,but it can’t get out.As a result,the temperature rises.
Sometimes the temperature can change in a way that helps us.The greenhouse effect makes the earth appropriate for people to live on.Without it,the earth would be freezing,or on the other hand it would be burning hot.We would not get the sun’s heat and light to make the night somewhat warm.During the day,especially during the summer,it would be burning because the sun would be up with no atmosphere to filter(过滤) it,so people,plants,and animals would be exposed to all the light and heat.
Although the greenhouse effect makes the earth able to have people living on it,if there gets to be too many gases,the earth can get unusually warmer,and many plants,animals,and people will die.They would die because there would be less food (plants like corn,wheat,and other vegetables and fruits).This would happen because the plants would not be able to take in the heat.This would cause us to have less food to eat,but it would also limit the food that animals have.Gradually,people,plants,and animals would all die of hunger.
People are doing many things to try to stop global warming.One thing people are doing is carpooling.Carpooling is driving with someone to a place that you are both going to.This minimizes the amount of greenhouse gases put into the air by a car.
Another thing that people are doing is being more careful about leaving things turned on like the television,computer,and the lights.A lot of people are taking time away from the television,and instead,they are spending more time outdoors.This helps our planet out a lot.Now,more people are even riding buses,walking to school,and riding their bikes to lower the amount of greenhouse gases in the air.
Planting trees and recycling also help.If you recycle,less trash goes to the dump,and less trash gets burned.As a result,there are fewer greenhouse gases in our atmosphere.Although adults do many things to help stop global warming,kids can do just as much.
【小题1】By the example given in Paragraph 1,the author wants to ________.
A.explain how greenhouse gases work |
B.show his feeling in a car in hot summer |
C.tell us cars are causes of greenhouse gases |
D.say that there are greenhouse gases in every car |
A.light | B.heat |
C.temperature | D.greenhouse effect |
A.If there is greenhouse effect,all the plants will die. |
B.Human beings are likely to disappear from the earth. |
C.Crops can’t take the heat if there is greenhouse effect. |
D.Although greenhouse effect is necessary,too much of it causes us to die. |
A.Why cars and buses pollute the air a lot. |
B.What kids can do to help stop global warming. |
C.What global warming is doing to the environment. |
D.Who should be responsible for the environmental problems. |
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科目:高中英语 来源: 题型:阅读理解
Founded in 1966,Seacamp,the first program dedicated to the education of youth in marine(海洋的) sciences,is the result of a cooperative effort of parents,scientists,businessmen and camp leaders.Preservation practices and a respect for the marine environment are the philosophy of the Seacamp.
Seacamp’s tropical marine location in the lower Florida Keys enables it to offer a truly unique marine science program.This program is the heart of Seacamp.Young scientists participate in a variety of courses under the guidance of academically trained marine science instructors and biologists.All science activities include studies in both the field and the laboratory.Each session,140 to 160 campers come to Seacamp,mostly from the US,but also from across the world.There are about 30 international campers each summer from an average of twelve countries.Many Seacamp program graduates have gone on to careers as environmental educators and marine scientists.
One of Seacamp’s unique aspects is that campers create their schedules.In addition to science classes,campers choose from a variety of programs to ensure that there is something interesting and exciting for everyone.Campers interested in journalism may work on the camp newspaper,SEASCOPE,which is published periodically during camp sessions.Arts activities are also included.Photography allows campers to take home memories of friends,wildlife,and underwater experiences.
Seacamp teaches the fun and skills of sailing.It’s an excellent way for future marine scientists to become familiar with the winds,tides and currents that are of primary concern in oceanography.Basic Red Cross certification is offered to beginners in sailing.The Red Cross course in advanced lifesaving is taught at Seacamp.The course is designed to increase the campers’ ability to recognize and avoid dangerous water conditions and practices and to use selfrescue skills to get out of dangerous situations.
Parents may bring campers by car to Big Pine Key.Counselors(辅导员) also meet participants at the Miami International Airport on the opening day of camp and accompany them to Big Pine Key on a bus.The fee for roundtrip service is $90.To join the Seacamp adventure,interested campers should contact Seacamp for an application.
We love to talk about camp!For more information or to ask any questions you might have,please give our friendly staff a call and we’ll be glad to help!
【小题1】According to the text,Seacamp is designed to help campers ________.
A.have a good time at the seaside |
B.develop a sense of marine protection |
C.make a further study about sea life |
D.complete a course about marine wildlife |
A.Seacamp offers many programs apart from science classes |
B.Seacamp is responsible for training marine scientists |
C.beginners in sailing should learn the advanced Red Cross course |
D.Seacamp provides traditional camp activities such as arts and crafts |
A.attract the young to Seacamp |
B.present Seacampers’ experiences |
C.introduce the programs of Seacamp |
D.explain the aim of Seacamp |
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科目:高中英语 来源: 题型:阅读理解
Why do human beings still risk their lives under ground and doing one of the dirtiest and most dangerous jobs in the world? It is an increasingly urgent question, given the recent mining accidents in Sago, W. Va and Huntington, Utah. A small group of engineers and robotics experts look forward to a day in the not-too-distant future when robots and other technology do most of the dangerous mining work.
Robotic technology, in particular, holds much promise, McAteer says, especially when it comes to mapping mines and rescuing trapped miners --- the special operations of the mining industry.
One of the first mining robots was developed five years ago at Carnegie Mellon University’s Robotics Institute. It was called Groundhog. It used lasers(激光器) to “see” in dark tunnels and map abandoned mines—some of the most dangerous work in the business.
The latest design is called Cave Crawler. It’s a bit smaller than Groundhog,and even more advanced. It can take photos and videos and has more sensors that can detect the presence of dangerous gases. Incredibly,the robot has a real sense of logic. If it comes across an obstacle it gets momentarily confused. It has to think about what to do and where to go next. Sometimes it throws a fit just like a real person.
The greatest problem, though, is cost. The money of the earliest research project was provided by the government, but that money had dried up, and it’s not clear where future money will come from. Partly for that reason, and partly because of advances in safety, mining is not nearly as dangerous as it was in the past. Since 1990, fatalities(致命性) have declined by 67% and injuries by 51% , according to the National Mining Association.
Some experts predict that robots in mines will serve much of the same function that they do in the automotive industry. The robots do the most boring and dangerous jobs,but won’t get rid of the need for human workers.
【小题1】The latest robot is more advanced than Groundhog, mainly because ____.
A.it can map abandoned mines |
B.it can see in the dark tunnels |
C.it’s smaller than Groundhog |
D.it has a real sense of logic |
A.gets angry | B.gets sick |
C.becomes hungry | D.becomes cheerful |
A.robots in mines will serve much in the automotive industry |
B.there will be no need for human workers in mines |
C.the mine robots will have a very bright future |
D.robots in mines only do some simple jobs now |
A.the mining robots do most of the mining work at present |
B.groundhog can discover the presence of dangerous gases |
C.experts are trying to make robots help miners with dangerous work |
D.robots cannot do dangerous work in dark areas |
A.Mining Accidents in America |
B.Robots in Mines |
C.Cave crawler, the Latest Robot |
D.The Future of Robots |
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科目:高中英语 来源: 题型:阅读理解
Televisions were among the most talked about items at the 2013 International Consumer Electronics Show last week in Las Vegas, Nevada. Some employed the most advanced technology ever.
Some of the TVs used a new technology called Organic Light Emitting Diodes, or OLED. They were thinner, lighter, offered better color and were brighter than traditional LEDs. Smart TVs this year were smarter. Many offered technology that let users have a more personalized experience. One such TV from the electronics company TCL uses sensors and voice recognition to determine who is watching. It then offers programming based on the specific user. Another TV from Panasonic offers a similar personalized user experience.
In addition to television technology, size also played a major part in CES 2013. Televisions varied in size from big to bigger, with at least two companies — Samsung and HiSense — exhibiting TVs measuring 110 inches.
The yearly Consumer Electronics Show is the biggest technology trade show in North America and one of the biggest in the world.
Gary Shapiro is president and CEO of the Consumer Electronics Association, the group that organizes CES. He gave one of the keynote speeches on opening day.
“Now you know that CES is more than a trade show. It’s a gathering of the brightest minds and the top leaders from many industries and those seeking a glimpse into the future.”
That glimpse into the future included a look at digital health and fitness devices, which were also big at CES 2013. There were devices that track your activity and others that measure blood pressure, heart rate and weight. There was even a fork that tells you when you are eating too fast.
Cars, smart-phones, tablet computers and PCs also made news. And a 27-inch table computer drew quite a bit of attention.
CEA President Gary Shapiro says there was much to see but not nearly enough time to see it all. “You cannot see the show in the four days that you have. We have over 3200 different industries showing over 20,000 new products. It’s absolutely incredible.”
【小题1】At the 2013 CES, which item drew the most attention?
A.Cars. | B.Smart-phones. | C.Computers. | D.Televisions. |
A.is bigger than the others | B.uses the technology of OLED |
C.offers a personalized experience | D.can track your activity |
A.CES is only a big trade show. |
B.CES offers a glimpse into the future. |
C.CES lasts only four days in all. |
D.He thinks little of the new products’ quality. |
A.HiSense | B.Panasonic | C.TCL | D.CEA |
A.the CES is held every 4 years |
B.at the 2013 CES, the TV section was crowded |
C.if you watch TV every day, you needn’t see a doctor |
D.tablet computers drew more attention at the 2013 CES |
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科目:高中英语 来源: 题型:阅读理解
Researchers claimed that waitresses who wear red get up to 26 percent extra in tips than they would wearing other colors. However, the team finds that the sexes tip very differently—with the bigger tips coming only from male customers.
No matter what color they wear, female diners will give the same kind of amounts for service every time. Yet men, whether they realize it or not, add anything between 15 and 26 percent more to a waitress in red than they would if it was the same waitress wearing a different color.
The test was simple. Take 11 waitresses in five restaurants over a six-week period and ask them to wear the same kind of T-shirt every day but change the colors. Previous research has suggested waitresses could earn more if they acted charmingly or wore more make-up than their colleagues. But this study, by the Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, only changed the color of the T-shirt. Every other aspect from make-up to behavior remained the same.
When wearing either black, white, green, blue or yellow T-shirts, the size of the tips from both male and female customers was almost identical. But when they wore red, the size of the tips went up by between 15 and 26 percent from male customers, yet stayed the same from female ones.
A total of 272 restaurant customers were studied by researchers Nicolas Gueguen and Celine Jacob for the international journal of the tourism industry.
Even as a T-shirt, it shows just how much the color red is thought, by men, to increase the physical and sexual attractiveness of woman, said the researchers.
The researchers wrote: As red color has no negative effect on women customers, it could be in their interest to wear clothes at work.
【小题1】The underlined word “identical” in Para. 4 probably means____________________.
A.different | B.similar | C.the same | D.close |
A.wearing red T-shirts |
B.putting on attractive make-up |
C.changing the color of T-shirts |
D.behaving themselves |
A.Bright color can increase the physical and sexual attractiveness of women. |
B.Waitresses in red make no difference to female customers. |
C.Make-up makes no difference to man customers. |
D.Whether male customers tips more or not depends on service. |
A.People tip differently if waitresses wear different make-up. |
B.Waitresses who wear red get more tips than they would wearing other colors. |
C.Male customers are more interested in the red color. |
D.Red color has no negative effect on female customers. |
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