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    A recent study shows that gossip（流言蜚语）is more powerful than truth．It suggests people believe what they hear through the grapevine(小道消息)__36__they have evidence to the contrary．
    Researchers, __37__students using a computer game, also found gossip played an important role when people __38__ decisions．"We show that gossip has a strong __39__, even when people have __40__ to the original information as well as gossip about the same information．Thus, it is __41__ that gossip has a strong controlling potential," said Ralf Sommerfeld, who led the study．
    In the study, the researchers __42__ the students money and allowed them to give it to others in a series of rounds．The students also wrote __43__ about how others played the game that everyone could review．Students tended to give __44__ money to people described as “scrooges (吝啬鬼)” and more to those described as “__45__ players”．“People only believed the gossip, not the past decisions," Sommerfeld said in a telephone interview．
    The researchers then took the game a step_46_and showed the students the actual decisions people had made．But they also supplied false gossip that contradicted that __47_．In these cases, the students_48_ their decisions to award money on the gossip, __49__ the hard evidence．
    “If you know what the people did, you should care, but they still __50__ what others said,” Sommerfeld said．Researchers have __51__ used similar games to study how people cooperate and the __52__ of gossip in groups．Scientists define gossip __53__ social information spread about a person who is not __54__．In evolutionary terms, gossip can be an important tool for people to __55__ information about others' reputations or find the way through social networks at work and in their everyday lives．
    36．A．in case     B．for fear that     C．as if  D．even if    
    37．A．testing     B．checking C．examining       D．experimenting
    38．A．draw       B．make       C．reach       D．conclude
    39．A．impression      B．difference       C．influence D．function
    40．A．access      B．entrance   C．charge     D．communication
    41．A．curious    B．serious     C．obvious    D．worth
    42．A．impressed      B．asked       C．showed    D．gave
    43．A．articles    B．notes       C．dairies     D．letters
    44．A．less B．more       C．fewer       D．much
    45．A．general    B．mean       C．generous D．outgoing
    46．A．away       B．forward   C．ahead       D．further
    47．A．existence B．evidence C．confidence      D．dependence
    48．A．based       B．put   C．focused    D．passed
    49．A．more than       B．less than   C．rather than      D．other than
    50．A．referred to      B．listened to       C．turned to D．stuck to
    51．A．soon        B．presently C．far    D．long
    52．A．strength   B．energy     C．effect     D．force
    53．A．as     B．for   C．to     D．by
    54．A．absent      B．present     C．gone  D．missing
    55．A．achieve    B．earn C．acquire    D．win

    36---55   DABCA   CDBAC   DBACB   DCABC  

    这是一篇议论文。本文议论的主题是：流言比事实更具威力，即：人们更容易听信流言蜚语，即使人们掌握了事实依据, 他们还是更易相信与事实不符的小道消息。
    36．D。由首句意思“流言比事实更具威力”可知，此处需要表示让步的从属连词才能使句子完整，所以even if“纵使，即使”是最佳选项。句意为：即使人们掌握了事实依据, 他们还是更易相信与事实不符的小道消息。    
    37．A。据德国迈克斯?普兰克研究所负责人、进化生物学家拉尔夫?索姆费尔德介绍，研究人员借助一个电脑游戏对学生们进行测试。testing测试，检测；checking 核实，查实； examining 考试，检查；experimenting实验。
    38．B。结果发现，流言在人们做决定的过程中起了重要作用。make a decision作决定，是固定短语。draw/reach /conclude a decision 得出结论。
    39．C。即便在研究对象知道了真相的情况下，流言仍有很强的影响力。have a strong influence具有很强的影响力。
    40．A。have access to固定短语，意为：有（使用某物或接近某人的）机会或权利或条件。 
    41．C。由此看来，流言显然具有很强的操纵力。obvious 显然的，明显的。
    42．D。在试验过程中，研究人员发给学生们一些钱并让他们分几轮把钱发给其他人。由后面的give it to others in a series of rounds 可知此处是gave。
    43．B。学生们还得记录其他同伴在游戏中的所作所为，以供大家参考。write notes作记录，作笔记。
    44．A。索姆费尔德说，学生们倾向于发较少的钱给那些被描述为“吝啬鬼”的人，less与下文more 形成对比。
    45．C。而发较多的钱给那些“慷慨的玩家”。generous players与上文的scrooges形成对比。
    46．D。研究人员又进行了几轮游戏，并在这几轮中告诉大家每个人的真实决定。further进一步地；又。
    47．B。但研究人员同时还“散布”了一些与真实依据相矛盾的流言。evidence 证据，依据。
    48．A．在这几轮中，学生们仍然根据他们听到的流言来决定发钱的多少。base sth．on sth．依某事物为另一事物的根据/证据。
    49．C．而不是根据摆在面前的事实。rather than而不是。other than 除……之外。
    50．B。如果你了解了真实情况，那就应该有所考虑，可他们仍然听信流言。listened to倾听，听取。
    51．D。研究人员长期用类似的游戏来研究人们如何合作及流言对于团队的影响。 long 长期地。
    52．C。effect影响。
    53．A。科学家将流言定义为人们散布的有关不在场的人的社会信息。define… as…把……定义为……
    54．B．present 在场的，出席的。
    55．C。从进化论角度来说，流言是人们获取其他人社会评价信息及游刃于工作和日常生活中各种社会关系网的重要工具。acquire 获取，获得。
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    IV. 阅读理解(共15小题;每小题2分，满分30分)
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    A
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    54．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
    A．Advantages and Disadvantages of Private Classes
    B．Who is to Blame．Parents or Schools?   
    C．which is Better, School Study or Home Study  
    D．The Relationship between Teachers and Children   
    55．Parents prefer to have their children educated at home because the following EXCEPT that            
    A．More and more violence acts occur in schools   
    B．Parents want to improve their Children's grades   
    C．Parents are concerned about their children’s safety
    D．The education system is far from satisfactory   
    56． We can infer from the passage that          ．
    A．violence TV programs have bad effects on children’s behavior
    B．the teacher at home is more patient than the teacher at school
    C．children today are weak from lack of sense of right and wrong
    D．there ale too many students in class for a teacher to teach

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