14．More than 50years ago，Kitty Genovese，a 28-year-old woman，was murdered outside her apartment in New York City．This could have been just one of the many murder cases that happen in the US．But something set this crime apart：some news reports claimed hat neighbors and passers-by nothing when witnessing her tragic death．
The public nature of her death forced the American public to examine its own apathy（冷漠）．It also encouraged a series of studies into the caused of what became known as the"bystander effect"．
The bystander effect is a social phenomenon that occurs when individuals witness someone in trouble，but don't offer help．Even good people can find themselves frozen by shock fear and uncertainty．Buy most of the time，they fail to help those in need due to the presence of other people．
According to the original report about the Kitty Genovese case，several bystanders thought other witnesses had already called the police or would soon do so．They reasoned，therefore，that they did not need to respond．
This is what psychologists called"diffusion（漫射）"of responsibility"．When others are around，out personal sense of responsibility lessens．US psychologist Bibb Latane and John Darley used a series of experiments to determine that people are more likely to help out if they are alone，70percent of study participants would help if they were the only person on the scene，but that rate dropped dramatically，to 40percent，if there was another witness．Participants were least reactive or likely to offer assistance if the other witness did not react or was"passive"during the event．In that circumstance，only 7percent offered help．
"The problem with the bystander effect is as simple as looking to others to solve a problem．The solution is just as easy and just the opposite"，wrote Tyler Tervooren，founder of Riskology．Co，a website aiming to help people"master their psychology"．The same idea applies to problems in your own life，according to Tervooren．If you need help，you have to reach out to someone who can help you and specifically ask for assistance．
29．The Kitty Genovese case was unusual becauseB．
A．the victim was killed outside her own department．
B．its repots drew public attention to American apathy
C．it improved the studies of the"bystander effect"
D．several of its witnesses were frozen by shock
30．Studies show that one is least likely to help someone in trouble when he/she isD．
A．astonished
B．afraid
C．not sure
D．not alone
31．According to the passage，which of the following statements is TRUE？C
A．The bystander effect only happens t people with low moral standards
B．Diffusion of responsibility helps people master their psychology
C．A person will likely get help if he/she asks a particular person．
D．The more people are present，the more likely help will be given．
32．The purpose of the passage isD．
A．to present the cause and effect of the"bystander effect"
B．to show disapproval of the coldness of the American people
C．to report the murder of a 28-year-olf woman in New York
D．to analyze a social phenomenon and offer a simple solution．
分析 本文讲述了美国一名28岁的女子被谋杀，但目击者和路人却没有上前帮忙，从而应发了对"旁观者效应"的思考．
解答 29 B 细节理解题．第二段The public nature of her death forced the American public to examine its own apathy，这起案件引发了美国民众对冷漠的关注．
30 D细节判断题． people are more likely to help out if they are alone，70percent of study participants would help if they were the only person on the scene，but that rate dropped dramatically，to 40percent告诉我们，当我们一个人的时候，百分之七十的人会选择帮忙，当有其他人在场时，只有百分之四十的人会帮忙，所以D符合题意．
31 C 细节理解题．最后一句话If you need help，you have to reach out to someone who can help you and specifically ask for assistance．
32 D 主旨推断题．通过整篇文章可知，主要探讨了"旁观者效应"产生的原因以及解决的办法．
点评 本文是一篇说明阅读题材．首先要求考生能把握文章的结构，先由一个事例折射出某种社会现象，然后分析现象产生的原因，最后给出解决的办法．对于细节题，找准信息源，都可以准确找到答案．
