11．How many hours do you spend sitting in a chair every day？Eight hours in the office plus three hours in front of the TV after work is the  norm for many people．
You probably don't need an expert to tell you that sitting too much is not good for your health-from an increased risk of heart disease and obesity in the long term，to reduced cholesterol（胆固醇）maintenance in the short term，not to mention the strain on your neck and spine．
To make matters worse，many researches show a good diet and regular exercise call't reduce the negative effects of sitting too much．
A 2010study of nearly 9，000Australians found that for each additional hour of television a person watched per day，the risk of dying rose by 11percent．Another study tracked the health of 123，000Americans between 1992and 2006．The death rate for men who spent six hours or more per day sitting was about 20percent higher than for men who sat for three hours or less．
So what can we do about it？Health experts suggest we break up those many hours spent sitting with more hours spent standing．
The BBC conducted a simple experiment with a group of 10volunteers who usually spent most of the day sitting．They were asked to stand for at least three hours a day．The researchers took measurements Oil days when the volunteers stood，and when they sat around．When they looked at the data there were some striking differences，the BBC reported．
Blood sugar leveled off much quicker on the days when the study subjects stood compared with the days they spent in a chair．Standing also burned more calories--about 50calories an hour．A member said although doing exercise offers many proven benefits，our bodies also need the increase in muscle activity that standing provides．
The researchers believe that even small adjustments，like standing while talking on the   phone，will help．

56．The underlined word"norm"in Paragraph 1most probably meansA．
A．standard answer    B．cause
C．excuse             D．reasonable explanation
57．What bad effect does sitting too much have？B
A．A low risk of heart disease．      B．Becoming too fat．
C．Balanced cholesterol maintenance． D．Benefiting your neck and spine．
58．What's the main idea of Paragraph 4？A
A．Sitting is killing us．
B．We should have a good diet．
C．Watching TV does us no good．
D．Women have higher death rate than men．
59．What is the purpose of the experiment in the text？C
A．To help the 10volunteers to lose weight．
B．To find the difference between standing and sitting．
C．To prove the benefit of standing．
D．To teach us how to control blood sugar．
60．What would be the best title for the text？B
A．Having regular exercise    B．Standing up for health
C．Watching less TV           D．Increasing muscle activity．

10．Experts from nearly 200 countries have spent the past two weeks in Warsaw，Poland．More than 9，000 representatives gathered for a United Nations conference on climate change．Organizers called the meeting to work toward a treaty（条约）to fight rising temperatures on our planet．The treaty would be signed in 2015 and take effect after 2020．
    In the United States，the Environmental Protection Agency is leading government efforts to fight climate change．The agency just ended a series of public hearings across the country．The EPA was seeking comments as it considers tightening clean air rules for coal burning power plants．
    David Doniger is a climate policy expert．He says it is the duty of the EPA to control carbon as a pollutant．He wants the agency to establish new rules that would move the United States toward a cleaner energy environment．
"No one is coming up with standards that would knock out all those power plants．We're   talking about a shift from the dirtier ones to the cleaner ones，and from all those fossil fuel-powered ones towards renewable and even nuclear sources of energy．"
    He says the government is responsible for protecting clean air，not protecting old and dirty  power stations．He says，"That's the only way that we can continue to have the way of life we want without running into the wall on climate change impacts，which in turn will destroy the quality of life we have．"
    The EPA is now considering comments from the nationwide hearings．The agency plans to announce proposed rule changes in June．
60．The United Nations conference was held toA
A．gather opinions from the representatives     
B．make plans for nearly 200 countries
C．deal with the warming climate                
D．call for protection of wildlife
61．What action will the EPA take to fight climate change？B
A．Make more strict rules to limit coal power plants．
B．Develop more nuclear sources of energy．
C．Accept the opinions of the Americans．
D．Close those power plants which pollute the air most．
62．The underlined phrase"knock out"in Paragraph 4 has the same meaning asC．
    A．blow up          B．shut down       C．break up          D．move away
63．Who is responsible for the protection of the clean air in David Doniger's opinion？C
A．The public
B．The EPA．
C．The government
D．The United Nations．
64．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the EPAA
A．values public opinions greatly              
B．ignores the public comments
C．will cancel the former laws             
D．will announce the list of dirty plants．

9．The preventive measures for forest fires include some preemptive（抢先）methods that can help reduce the risks of fires and control their severity and spread，and thus，maintain ecological balance and protect resources．Close monitoring of forest fires caused by natural factors can help prevent their spread to a large extent．To contain forest fires，fire departments usually use water and chemical fire retardants（抑制剂）that can be dropped from planes and helicopters．To control the spread of a wildfire．firefighters usually create a control line by removing all fuel from an area so that the fire cannot travel across it．
Controlled burns are often employed by government authorities to reduce fuel buildup，and clean up the fallen leaves，and thus，prevent the spread of forest fires to a vast area．Regular controlled burns can also help maintain biodiversity（生物多样性），as the smoke and heat produced in the process can facilitate（促进）the growth of seeds of certain plant species．Apart from these，responsible human behavior can help reduce the number of forest fires to a great extent．In fact，we can reduce the number of wildfires dramatically by not leaving behind any source of fire in the forest．
Forest fires can affect climate and weather to a great extent，besides causing severe damage to valuable trees．Wildfires can increase the level of greenhouse gases（water vapor，carbon dioxide，etc），and therefore increase pollution and global warming．However，they are also an important part of the ecosystem，and many plants depend on the heat and smoke generated by wildfires for their growth and reproduction．But large wildfires can cause extensive damage to the ecosystem，which again highlights the importance of effective control and prevention of forest fires•

61．What may be the best title for this passage？A
A．Control and Prevention of Forest Fires
B．How to Keep Ecological Balance
C．Effects of Forest Fires
D．Methods of Fire Spread Control
62．Firefighters get rid of all fuel in all area in order toD．
A．keep close monitoring of forest fires
B．prevent the forest fire from occurring
C．protect the animals there
D．stop the wildfire from spreading
63．The government arranges some controlled burns toC．
A．burn the rubbish and keep the forest clean
B．help keep ecological balance of nature
C．reduce fuel buildup and limit forest fires spread
D．provide reasonable conditions for some plants'growth
64．A controlled forest fire may play a positive role becauseB．
A．a new forest will appear soon
B．it promotes the development of some seeds
C．nature keeps its balance only by wildfires
D．it makes the trees grow faster than before
65．The last paragraph tells us thatB．
A．the greenhouse gases are caused mainly by wildfires
B．wildfires have both positive and negative effects
C．people should be aware of the necessity of wildfires
D．all the valuable trees disappear owing to wildfires．

8．Plastic bags that can help bread and cheese remain fresh for a long time have been developed by scientists．The technology，which uses chemicals that prevent bacteria and fungi （真霉） from growing，allows food to last longer．It could put an end to throwing away supermarket bread after just a couple of days in the bread bin and cheese that goes mouldy after just a few weeks．
The company，Janssen，has spent two years developing the technology with the plastics manufacturer，Symphony Environmental．They are now in discussion with several food factories and supermarkets about using the bags for their products．The technology could also be used to make credit cards and the new plastic bank notes more hygienic （卫生的）．Tests have shown that the plastic can increase the shelf life of bread and cheese without letting the food go bad．Michael Stephen，director of Symphony Environmental，said the plastic also has the potential to do the same for fruit，vegetables and even meat．He said，"we have come up with a way of making the plastic that is antibacterial and that can be used in food wrapping．We have done a lot of tests on food packaging which have shown such plastic can reduce the mould that grows on both bread and cheese．"
In Britain，around 15 million tons of food is thrown away each year，mostly because it has spoiled or gone bad．Bread is the most wasted food，with families throwing away 4.4 million tons a year-about a third of all the bread purchased by UK families．Tesco，Britain's biggest supermarket，revealed last month that almost half of the bread sold in its stores ended up in the bin．
The technology developed by Janssen and Symphony，which they have called D2P，fixes antibacterial and antifungal chemicals to the plastic．They have found it can control bacteria which can cause food poisoning．It can also control the growth of fungi on bread and others．
Mr．Stephen added，"Initially we expect that it is only used in pipes and door handles，for example，to help reduce the spread of bacteria．It can also be put into man-made fibers so we are doing some experiments to put it into clothes to stop the bacteria that can cause them to smell．"
59．What would happen when people use the plastic bags produced by Janssen？C
A．The sales of bread and cheese would increase soon．
B．Bread and cheese could be stored in a fridge for years．
C．Bread and cheese could be kept for a longer time．
D．Supermarket bread and cheese would be on sale earlier．
60．Why does the writer mention the problem in Britain in Paragraph 3？D
A．To criticize the behaviour of the British．
B．To show the popularity of bread．
C．To criticize the increasing waste of bread．
D．To show the short shelf life of bread．
61．It can be concluded from Mr．Stephen's words thatA．
A．more daily uses for this technology are expected
B．this technology is only used used in pipes and door handles
C．man-made fibers should be improved by this technology
D．people's preference for this technology cannot be expected
62．The passage can be classified asB．
A．an annual review                B．a news report
C．an advertisement                D．a travel guide．

7．"Drink your milk．It is good for you!"You've probably heard that many times，and it is true．Milk contains calcium，which is a necessary nutrient for keeping bones and teeth healthy and strong．The US government even requires milk as part of the National School Lunch Program，saying that students should drink one cup of fat-free milk at each meal．
Last Thursday，however，a group of doctors asked the government to remove the lunch program．The Physical Committee for Responsible Medicine says，"Milk is high in sugar，high in fat and high in animal protein，"all of which have negative effects on health．The PCRM says there were better and healthier ways to get calcium such as eating beans，broccoli，cereals and tofu．Orange juice and soymilk that have calcium added to them also supply the nutrient．"One of the only reasons people talk about dairy，or promote it at all，is because it is going to help build strong bones．"says Dr．Neal Bamard，president of the PCRM．But milk may not be the best way to get calcium your body needs．
Of course，calcium is important for health bones and teeth，but there are other things that affect your bone strength，such as genes，how much vitamin D you take in and getting an hour's worth of exercise every day．
Some nutritionists disagree with the idea that milk isn't important．Keri Gans，a dietitian，says，"I think it is irresponsible to take this beverage that children enjoy，especially among those who are unable to meet their nutrient needs for the day，and remove it from lunch time．"
The US government is studying the request of the PCRM，but a decision may be a one way to take off．Meanwhile，Marion Nestle，a professor at New York University，put it best："Milk demonstrably has nutrients．Other foods have the same nutrients．It's just a food．Like other foods，too much might be a problem．"
29．Why does the US government ask students to drink one cup of milk at lunch time？
D
A．They have been told many times．
B．They have taken the PCRM's advice．
C．Fat-free or low-fat milk is less expensive．
D．Milk helps build students'strong bones．
30．Which of the following opinions does the PCRM support？A
A．Milk is harmful to students'health．
B．Students should drink more milk each day．
C．Orange juice is higher in calcium than milk．
D．Milk is the best way to get calcium．
31．The underlined word"beverage"in Paragraph 4 most probably meansC．
A．gene        B．idea       C．milk       D．lunch
32．What does the above text mainly talk about？D
A．The best way to get the most calcium．
B．The connection between milk and health．
C．Different opinions about the importance of milk．
D．Whether to take milk off the school-lunch menu．

6．Nowadays，the food we eat seems to have great effects on our health．Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat，it has，at the same time，made many foods unfit to eat．Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well，especially cancer of the colon．Different cultures are more likely to cause certain different illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures．
That food is reated to illness is not a new discovery．In 1945，government researchers realized that nitrates，commonly used to preserve color in meats，and other food additives，caused cancer．Yet，these carcinogenic additives remain in our food，and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful．The additives which we eat are not all so direct．Farmers often give penicillin to beef and living animals，and because of this，penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cow．Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medical purposes，but for financial reasons．The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market．Although the Food and Drug Administration（FDA）has tried repeatedly to control these procedures，the practices continue．
46．Which of the following statements is NOT true？C
A．Some additives are added to the food itself and some are given to the living animals．
B．Researchers have known about the potential dangers of food additives for about sixty-eight years．
C．Drugs are always given to animals for medical reasons．
D．Food may cause forty percent of cancer in the world．
47．How has science done harm to mankind？D
A．Because of science，diseases caused by polluted food have been virtually eliminated．
B．It has caused a lack of information concerning the value of food．
C．The scientists have preserved the color of meats，but not of vegetables．
D．Because of the application of science，some potentially harmful substances have been added to food．
48．What are nitrates used for？A
A．They preserve the color of meats．
B．They preserve flavor in packaged foods．
C．They are the objects of research．
D．They cause the animals to become fatter．
49．The word"carcinogenic"most nearly means"C"．
A．trouble-making           B．color-retaining
C．cancer-causing           D．money-making
50．Which might be the best title of the passage？B
A．Drug and Food            B．Food and Health
C．Cancer and Health        D．Health and Drug．

5．Starting in l972，the National Park Service established a policy for forest fires calle Natural Burn．It was acknowledged that some forest fires，such as those caused by lightning were necessary for forests to maintain balanced ecosystems，so the fire should be allowed to burn．However，a big fire in Yellowstone National Park in l988 caused this policy to be abandoned since the fire was initially allowed to burn yet soon out of control．As a result，the fire of l988 destroyed much of Yellowstone，which is America's oldest and most beloved national park．Massive areas of plants were destroyed，and large empty spaces and acres of burned and blackened trees greeted visitors．The rivers and streams were choked with ash，and the ecosystem of the park was changed beyond repair．
    In addition，great numbers of animals were killed by the fires that bumed out of control．The fires were driven by high winds，moving as many as ten miles a day．Many small animals died in the flames．The fires'rapid advances gave the wildlife little chance to escape．Even today，few of these small forest animals have returned to live in the park．In the years immediately following the fires，the numbers of visitors declined rapidly．No one was interested in seeing a blackened and treeless park on vacation．Yellowstone had previously been famous for its amazing views and unique geological formations such as the geyser Old Faithful．But now its reputation as America's wonder is damaged permanently．

46．Natural Burn was adopted because some forest fires wereC 
A．hard to put out
B．started by lightning
C．good for the balance of nature
D．approved by National Park Service
47．The big fire in Yellowstone in 1988D．
  A．became out of control at first
  B．destroyed the park completely
  C．was allowed to burn continuously
  D．brought the natural burn policy to an end
48．Why were so many animals killed in the big fire？D 
  A．Because winds were blown from high places．
  B．Because the animals moved only ten miles a day．
  C．Because the animals lived in lower places．
  D．Because strong winds contributed to the fire a lot．
49．Yellowstone was famous for itsC．
A．rare animals   B．unique plants    C．beautiful scenery  D．little streams
50．The text probably comes fromD．
A．a science fiction    B．a news report
C．a commercial ad      D．a geography magazine．

4．On an ordinary weekday evening，Jane was at home as usual．As she was considering what she was going to do with her dinner plans for the evening，she was unexpectedly interrupted by an urgent call from her sister"get over here!"
A few hours later，Jane found herself with 8 strangers in the middle of the boiling desert heat of Utah（犹他州），picking up rubbish and raising awareness about zero．waste and climate change．
Armed with a deep love of the environment and a desire to make a difference，Jane，Davey，and a group of self described"environmental pick-up artists''went on a coast to coast road side rubbish pick-up．As they walked，sometimes only covering 0.9 miles in an entire day，they slowly and steadily made their way across the United States，picking up a total of 201，678 pounds of rubbish．In the end，three years and 3，672 miles later，they dipped their feet in the cold waters of the Pacific．
The road is windy，often up-hill．With a rubbish bag as your companion，how does one remind themselves that picking up that tiny gum wrapper on the ground makes a difference？Where do you find the strength to keep going？As I asked Jane and Davey to answer these questions，they shared remarkable stories of caring environment that gave them the efforts to continue their journey．
A small group of us were lucky enough to spend two hours last Wednesday evening listening to the remarkable stories of Jane and Davey．As they shared their deep concern for the environment，we together experienced their real spirit．Jane and Davey，like so many unknown heroes in our community，might not ever draw much attention like multi-million dollar funded projects．In many ways，it is exactly that which makes their story so attractive．

61．Why did Jane's sister call her？D
A．To inform her to prepare dinner for them．
B．To seek advice on picking up rubbish．
C．To beg her to help them out of trouble．
D．To ask her to join them in their activity．
62．How did the group travel across the United States to gather rubbish？B
A．By bus．  B．On foot   C．By train．D．By bike
63．What drove them to go on with their journey？C
A．Spirit of teamwork．         
B．Interest in traveling．
C．Concern for the environment   
D．Love of natural beauty．
64．What can be concluded from the text？D
A．East or west，home is best．
B．Great times make great man
C．Actions speak louder than words．
D．Ordinary people can do extraordinary things．
65．What's the author's attitude to the actions of the group？A
A．Positive．  B．Critical  C．Casual．D．Sympathetic．

3．In the Central Valley of California，farmers are reducing crop size because they do not have enough water．Last year，California had the least amount of rain since officials began keeping records．And it may be just as bad this year．
    Reservoirs are areas where water is stored．In California，some reservoirs are empty．The amount of snow in the Sierra Mountains is 75 percent below normal．This mountain snow melts in the spring and fills rivers．The water is used by farmers．But now，farmers are warning of the possibility of another"Dust Bowl，"like the one of the l930s．Severe droughts and dust storms covered American farmlands and few crops grew．
    Dan Errotabere is a third generation California farmer．He grows tomatoes，walnuts，garlic  and other crops in Fresno County．He says the federal agency that controls the amount of water released from dams and rivers has stopped giving him water．He and other farmers say officials are not correctly administering the water system．"The last couple of years-dry years，along with severe environmental restrictions--has now presented us with a zero allocation year，''said he．
    Farmers may not be able to plant crops on more than 200，000 hectares of farmland in the Central Valley this spring．Mr．Errotabere will plant crops on just 80 percent of his farmland．He has enough work for only l5 of his 25 workers．
    Federal and state officials sometimes reduce the amount of water to farmers even in years with normal rainfall levels．The officials must supply water to the Sacramento River Delta which is home to several endangered species．
    Long-term solutions include conservation，recycling waste water and，building"desalinization （脱盐） centers．"These centers remove salt from seawater so it can be used on farms．Farmers say better administration of the state's water system could also help solve the crisis．

51．The farmers in California grow fewer crops due toA．
A．water shortage          B．water pollution
C．government policy       D．species protection
52．There is no water in some reservoirs becauseD．
A．snow didn't melt in time    
B．dust storms covered them
C．water supply was cut off   
D．the snowfall dropped sharply
53．What do we know about Dan Errotabere？A
A．He isn't content with the officials in charge of water system．
B．He can do nothing but ask for help from the government．
C．He has to employ more workers to work for him．
D．He plans to cut down the majority of his crops．
54．The underlined word"it''in the last paragraph refers toB．
A．salt    B．seawater    C．waste water   D．desalinization
55．What's the main idea of the text？C
A．Annual rainfall in California decreases．
B．Water use in California is not reasonable．
C．Lack of water affects Californian crops．
D．Action is taken to rid drought in California．

2．In order to increase their job chances after college，Chinese students are turning to a special practice-Eiffel Tower nose jobs （鼻整形术）．The latest trend in plastic surgery promises to create a nose that is classic，slim and sloping，similar to the sweeping curve of the Eiffel Tower．
     Surgeon Wang Xuming said："We are influenced by the beauty of the Eiffel Tower，we are not content to just add something to the nose，we reconstruct it．"The surgery costs about US $ 10，000 and involves the enlarging of the nose using tissue from the forehead．
     Hundreds of posters advertising the procedure are put up all over Chongqing city，where surgeon Xuming runs his practice．They show a Westem-Iooking woman with an almost-too-perfect nose，against an outline of the Eiffel Tower．
     Interestingly，many young women in China are eager to achieve a western appearance，as they  believe it will give them an advantage in the highly competitive job market．"Some students face a lot of employment pressure after graduation．If their facial features are good，they'II have more chances of finding a job，"said surgeon Xuming．"We've had students getting the Eiffel Tower nose； it's helped them a lot．"
     Apparently，Chinese employers are quite particular about appearances and prefer attractive candidates．Some of them even go as far as putting height and weight requirements in their employment ads．Plastic surgeons across the country are reporting an increase in the number of students choosing beauty"improvement"．
     According  to a Mr．Li，hospital manager at surgeon Xuming's clinic，most of their customers are female and the bill is taken care of by the family．"They usually come in with their mothers，and tend to be from well-off backgrounds，"he said．

51．Chinese college students choose to have a nose operation toC．
A．marry well                           
B．look cool
C．have a good job                        
D．look like westerners
52．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3？A
A．The posters
B．A nose job．
C．The Eiffel Tower
D．A plastic surgery procedure．
53．It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 thatD
A．employers are potential customers
B．ads promote the plastic surgery
C．appearance is as important as height and weight
D．attractive appearance seems to increase job chances
54．From what Mr．Li said we can learn thatD
A．most families can't afford the surgeon
B．the number of plastic surgeons is increasing
C．patients can be well looked after at the clinic
D．their customers are usually from wealthy families
55：What's the author's attitude towards Eiffel Tower nose jobs？B
A．Skeptical．B．Objective．C．Critical．D．Worried．