10．How university students do their studies has changed greatly in recent years with the  growth in online learning．
Instead of physically attending lectures or going to the library，they can download lesson plans and lectures notes to their laptop，have a Skype conversation with a lecturer and hand in work online．With more universities now offering e-learning and MOOCs （massive open online courses），is there now a need for them to still have classrooms and a campus？
Mark Taylor，from the University of Warwick，said he hoped it would help attract more students to come to study at the university rather than as a direct replacement for learning on campus．He said："There is a branding （品牌宣传） to it，getting people worldwide to realize the quality of work and teaching that is available in our university，and encouraging students to come and study with us more formally．"
Lecturer Jonathan Shaw said："The idea that these courses are free doesn't mean students don't want to come to university．People say education is in the Internet Era，just like music were at the Napster moment，the MP3type revolution，many years ago and fundamentally these MOOCs will change what education is about．But the music industry doesn't die，it's become something different，and I think education will naturally face that too--people still go to pop concerts because they want the physical experience．"
Adrian Sym，45，who works in Germany，"did an online MA in international policy and diplomacy while living in Nepal （尼泊尔）．"I never set foot in the university，he said．"It was really the only choice open to me because I was overseas but to be honest I think I would've done the same thing had I been in the UK．One reason is that if you're a mature student or working，real life doesn't leave room for attending a university．"Dr．Steve Wyn Williams，who is from Staffordshire University，said"academic organizations will always want to invest in buildings and facilities as well as technology．"And he added："The phase for universities has lasted since the 14th Century where a campus is important．The campus is a place where learning occurs and here you can hear students talking about their studies and academic work as well as what they did last night．I don't think it can be either bricks'or online clicks，it might change more towards the clicks because of technology and given the pressure on students and finances （资金），but the bricks are always going to be here，the challenge for universities is how you work that together．"

58．Who showed the LEAST support for attending lectures on campus？C
A．Mark Taylor．       B．Jonathan Shaw．
C．Adrian Sym．        D．Steve Wyn Williams．
59．Jonathan Shaw intends to prove by the example of music industry thatB
A．traditional university education are faced with the severest challenges ever
B．traditional university education is far from dying regardless of the existence of e-learning
C．music industry is declining sharply because of the MP3type revolution
D．there will be still more concerts because more people will go to live performances
60．According to Dr．Steve Wyn Williams，universities shouldD
A．reduce financial pressure on students
B．invest more in buildings and facilities
C．focus more on online courses
D．combine campus courses with online ones
61．What can be the best title of the text？B
A．Universities go virtual：Clicks replaces bricks．
B．Universities go virtual：Bricks with clicks．
C．Universities in the Intemet Era：Hold on to Bricks．
D．Universities in the Intemet Era：A sunset industry．

9．Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost certainly mention recycling．Recycling in the home is very important，of course．However，being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need．We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible，but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place．
    The total amount of packaging has increased by 12% between 1999 and 2005．It now makes up a third of a typical household's waste in the UK．In many supermarkets nowadays food items are packaged twice with plastic and cardboard．
Too much packaging is doing serious damage to the environment．The UK，for example，is running out of it for burying this unnecessary waste．If such packaging is burnt，it gives off greenhouse gases which go on to cause the greenhouse effect．Recycling helps，but the process itself uses energy．The solution is not to produce such items in the first place．Food waste is a serious problem，too．Too many supermarkets encourage customers to buy more than they need．However，few of them are coming round to the idea that this cannot continue，encouraging customers to reuse their plastic bags，for example．
But this is not just about supermarkets．It is about all of us．We have learned to associate packaging with quality．We have learned to think that something unpackaged is of poor quality．This is especially true of food．But it is also applied to a wide range of consumer products，which often have far more packaging than necessary．
There are signs of hope．As more of us recycle，we are beginning to realize just how much unnecessary materials are collected．We need to face the wastefulness of our consumer culture，but we have a mountain to climb．
31．What does the underlined phrase"over-consumption"refer to？C
A．Using too much packaging
B．Recycling too many wastes．
C．Having more material than is needed
D．Making more products than necessary．
32．The author uses figures in Paragraph 2 to showC．
A．the tendency of cutting household waste   
B．the increase of packaging recycling
C．the fact of packaging overuse            
D．the rapid growth of supermarkets   
33．According to the text，recyclingB．
A．means burning packaging for energy      
B．helps control the greenhouse effect   
C．is the solution to gas shortage             
D．leads to a waste of land
34．What can be inferred from Paragraph 4？D
A．Unpackaged products are of bad quality．
B．Supermarkets care more about packaging．
C．Other products are better packaged than food．
D．It is improper to judge quality by packaging．
35．What can we learn from the last paragraph？B
A．Needless material is mostly recycled．
B．Fighting wastefulness is difficult．
C．People like collecting recyclable wastes．
D．The author is proud of their consumer culture．

8．Animals are considered to be endangered if the species is close to extinction throughout all or most of its environment．Animals become endangered for a variety of reasons．
Some animals become endangered when their habitats contain resources for humans．For example，commercial forest cutting in the Amazon Rainforest has seriously reduced the population of many animal species and lead to the extinction of other groups．Land itself is an important resource to humans since it provides us with living space，and when people replace animal habitats with human habitats，it can lead to larger loss of natural species．
Commercial and industrial operations may reduce land or water for animals and pollute their environment．Due to water pollution，the baiji，a fresh water dolphin native to China，was declared extinct，meaning it's unlikely the population can recover．Even noise pollution from human activities can lead to the disorder of animal behavior．
Another cause that makes animals become endangered is over-fishing or over-hunting．Over-hunting whales led to near extinction of many species of whales．
The introduction of a non-native species to a habitat may make animals become endangered．The native species may not defend against a new one，and the effects can be dangerous．In Australia，the introduction of the common house cat led to the extinction of the red-fronted parakeet and has seriously damaged the populations of several small animals．
Introduced species can also bring new diseases with them．As a result，animals become endangered．Native animals may not have the power to fight against non-native diseases，and population levels can suffer．Another cause of disease is human-introduced chemicals．The use of DDT is believed to be one of the leading causes in driving the California Condor to near extinction．
When animals become endangered，the entire food chain can be affected．For example，in 2008 disease seriously harmed the honeybee，which is largely responsible for pollinating（授花粉）  plants，including many fruits and vegetables．Without their pollination，a very large part of the human diet could be reduced．In fact，if the honeybee should become extinct，our life would be affected and billions of dollars would be lost．Therefore，many people argue that when animals become endangered it is in man's own self-interest to protect them．

61．The passage is mainly aboutD．
A．ways of protecting animals'habitats
B．effects caused by species endangerment
C．dangers of bringing in non-native species
D．reasons why animals become endangered
62．Which of the following examples shows that environmental pollution may cause species endangerment？B
A．The extinction of the whales．
B．The extinction of the red-fronted parakeet．
C．The decreasing population of the dolphin．
D．The effect of the honeybee on the human diet．
63．Why is it dangerous to introduce a non-native species to a habitat？A
A．Native species are likely to die from the new diseases．
B．It's hard for non-native species to survive．
C．Non-native species will take up more space．
D．Native species are so powerful for non-native species．
64．The California Condor is in danger of dying out because ofB．
A．loss of habitat                                                       
B．harmful chemicals
C．forest cutting                                                        
D．unfamiliar diseases
65．We can infer from the last paragraph thatD．
A．humans are to blame for species extinction
B．small animals mean little to the whole food chain
C．protection of the honeybee has cost billions of dollars
D．humans protect animals for the benefit of themselves．

7．People are being lured（引诱） onto Facebook with the promise of a fun，free service，and don't realize that they're paying for it by giving up loads of personal information．Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their data（资料） to advertisers that want to send targeted （目标的）messages．
Most Facebook users don't realize this is happening．Even if they know what the company is up to，they still have no idea what they're paying for Facebook，because people don't really know what their personal details are worth．
The biggest problem，however，is that the company keeps changing the rules．Early on，you could keep everything private．That was the great thing about Facebook-you could create your own little private network．Last year，the company changed its privacy rules so that many things-your city，your photo，your friends'names-were set，by default（默认），to be shared with everyone on the Internet．
According to Facebook's vice president Elliot Schrage，the company is simply making changes to improve its service，and if people don't share information，they have a"less satisfying experience．"
Some critics think this is more about Facebook looking to make more money．Its original business model，which involved selling ads and putting them at the side of the page，totally failed．Who wants to look at ads when they're online connecting with their friends？
The privacy issue has already landed Facebook in hot water in Washington．In April，Senator Charles Schumer called on Facebook to change its privacy policy．He also urged the Commission to set guidelines for social-networking sites．"I think the senators rightly communicated that we had not been clear about what the new products were and how people could choose to use them or not to use them，"Schrage admits．
I suspect that whatever Facebook has done so far to invade（侵犯）our privacy，it's only the beginning，which is why I'm considering deactivating（撤销） my account（账号）．Facebook is a handy site，but I'm upset by the idea that my information is in the hands of people I don't trust．That is too high a price to pay．
71．What do we learn about Facebook from the first paragraph？C
A．It is a website that sends messages to targeted users．
B．It makes money by putting on advertisements．
C．It earns money by selling its user's personal data
D．It provides a lot of information to its users
72．What does the author say about most Facebook users？B
A．They don't know their personal data enriches Facebook
B．They are unwilling to give up their personal information
C．They don't identify themselves when using website
D．They care very little about their personal information
73．Why does Facebook make changes to its rules according to Elliot Schrage？A
A．To help its users make more friends
B．To obey the Federal guidelines
C．To make money by attracting more users
D．To offer better service to its users
74．What does Senator Charles Schumer argue for？C
A．Setting guidelines for advertising on websites
B．Setting rules for social-networking sites
C．Stopping sharing user's personal information
D．Removing ads from all social-networking sites
75．Why does the author plan to stop using his Facebook account？C
A．He is dissatisfied with its service．
B．He finds many of its users untrustworthy．
C．He doesn't want his personal data badly used．
D．He is upset by its frequent rule changes．

6．With more and more cars on the road，traffic jams are inevitable． Traffic jams can lead to increased accidents as there are more cars，with more people trying to get to their destination，all the while getting worse．Although it's impossible to avoid traffic jams altogether，there are some tips you can follow to reduce the amount of time on the road．
Check for traffic jams before you leave．You can listen to the radio for traffic news，or check on the Internet to get up-to-minute information on traffic．If the route you want to take is heavy with traffic，you can choose another．
Look for a different route all the time．Most traffic jams happen on busy roads．Using country roads could see you avoiding a lot of traffic．Although the distance you may have to travel is further，it can work out quicker．
Set your car radio to receive traffic bulletins． Many new car stereo systems （汽车音响系 统） are equipped with a radio system by which you can hear the traffic channel．This way you can get the latest traffic information and change your journey if necessary．
__________ Most traffic jams usually occur during rush hour，so try to avoid this time period if possible．Some jobs offer flexible working hours so that you can travel to work outside of rush hour．Some jobs even allow you to work at home so as to avoid moving altogether．Ask your manager to see what you can do if traffic is a problem for you．
Use public transport alternatives where available．The easiest way to avoid traffic jams is to take buses or the underground instead of driving your own car．Not only will you avoid traffic jams but you will most likely be saving money as the cost of motoring rises．
66．The underlined word"inevitable"in Paragraph 1 probably meansB
A．hard to accept                              
B．impossible to avoid
C．getting less serious                             
D．seen everywhere
67．The author wrote the text in order toD
A．explain why there are traffic jams  
B．tell us how to save time on the road
C．tell us what we can do on the road  
D．tell us the negative effects of traffic jams
68．To get the latest traffic information，you could do the following EXCEPTDA．surfing the Internet                 
B．listening to the radio for traffic news
C．listening to the traffic channel
D．turning to other drivers for information
69．Which of the following can be put in the blank in the text？A
A．Choose a job that has flexible working hours
B．Make friends with your manager
C．Try traveling at different time
D．Work from home
70．According to the author，we should use public transport becauseA
A．it is cheaper and can avoid traffic jams
B．it is useful to us
C．it is environmentally-friendly
D．it is completely free from traffic jams．

5．Country-dwellers（农村居民） often say the constant noise，heavy traffic and crowds of the city would drive them mad．Well，they might be right，according to the latest research．City residents are more likely to develop mental illnesses than those who live in villages，a study has found．
Researchers from Cardiff university examined the lifestyles of more than 200，000people in Sweden and found that those who lived in urban areas were more at risk from mental illnesses than people who lived in villages．
The experts don't know exactly why this is but they suggest that town and city residents are more likely to be ostracized（排挤） by those around them．They are more likely to experience discrimination（歧视） if they do not fit in，which can lead to them feeling anxious and even developing mental illnesses．
Dr Stanley Zammit，who led the research said that people living in towns and cities are more likely to develop other mental illnesses that result in personality changes-a condition known as non-affective psychosis（非情感性精神病）．
Earlier this year an official report found that village-dwellers live an average of two years longer than those living in towns and cities．According to figures from the Office of National Statistics in the UK，men who live in villages are likely to live for between 78and 79years，while those in towns and cities can expect to survive to an age of 76．Women on average survive to their 81^st birthday in towns and cities，but live to between 82and 83in villages．The small marked town of Wimborne Minster in rural Dorset was named the healthiest place to live in．

61．What is the passage mainly about？B
A．Country-dwellers are more likely to develop mental illnesses．
B．City-dwellers are more likely to develop mental illnesses．
C．Country-dwellers live longer than city-dwellers．
D．City-dwellers live longer than country-dwellers．
62．The research from Cardiff University was based on the people'sD．
A．interests． B．characters． C．occupations． D．lifestyles．
63．It can be inferred thatD．
A．people like living in towns and cities
B．city-dwellers enjoy their peaceful city life
C．village-dwellers are more likely to be looked down upon by others
D．village-dwellers get along better with their neighbors than city-dwellers．
64．Non-affective psychosis is a kind of mental illnesses that is linked toA
A．character change  B．temperature rise  C．pressure increase  D．energy weakening
65．We can learn from the last paragraph that generallyA．
A．women living in villages live the longest
B．women living in cities live the longest
C．men living in villages live the longest
D．men living in cities live the longest．

4．In the animal kingdom，weakness can bring about aggression in other animals．This sometimes happens with humans also．But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people．I see it every day when people hold doors for me，pour cream into my coffee，or help me to put on my coat．And I have discovered that it makes them happy．
From my wheelchair experience，I see the best in people，but sometimes I was sad because those who appear independent miss the kindness I see daily．
They don't get to see this soft side of others．Often，we try every way possible to avoid showing our weakness，which includes a lot of pretending．But only when we stop pretending we're brave or strong do we allow people to show the kindness that's in them．
Last month，when I was driving home on a busy highway，I began to feel unwell and drove more slowly than usual．People behind me began to get impatient and angry，with some speeding up alongside me，horning（按喇叭）or even shouting at me．At that moment，I decided to do something I had never done in twenty-four years of driving．I put on the flashlights and drove on at a really low speed．
No more angry shouts and no more horns!
When I put on my flashlights，I was saying to the other drivers，"I have a problem here，I am weak and doing the best I can，"And everyone understood．Several times，I saw drivers who wanted to pass．They couldn't get around me because of the stream of passing traffic．But instead of getting impatient and angry，they waited，knowing the driver in front of them was in some way weak．
Sometimes weakness calls for us to act strong and brave even when we don't feel that way．But in fact，it would be better if we don't pretend to feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we're scared．

62．The author has discovered that people will feel happy whenC．
A．they feel others'kindness
B．they receive others'help
C．they offer their help
D．they show their weakness
63．What did the other drivers do when they saw the flashlights？D
A．They speed up to pass．
B．They put on their flashlights too
C．They tried their best to help．
D．They waited with patience．．
64．In this passage，the author advises us toA．
A．admit our weakness
B．accept help from others
C．handle problems by ourselves
D．show our bravery
65．Which of the following is the best title for the passage？C
A．A Wheelchair Experience．
B．Weakness and Strength
C．Weakness and Kindness．
D．A Driving Experience．

3．Most young people enjoy some forms of physical activity．It may be walking，cycling，swimming，or in winter，skating or skiing．It may be a game of some forms-football，basketball，hockey，golf or tennis．It may be mountaineering．
Those who have a passion for climbing high and difficult mountains are often looked upon with astonishment．Why are men and women willing to suffer cold and hardship，and to take risks in high mountains？This astonishment is caused，probably，by the difference between mountaineering and other forms of activity to which men give their leisure．
Mountaineering is a sport and not a game．There are no man-made rules，as others，as there are for such games as golf and football．There are，of course，rules of different kinds which would be dangerous to ignore，but it is this freedom from man-made rules that makes mountaineering attractive to many people．Those who climb mountains are free to use their own methods．
If we compare mountaineering with other more familiar sports，we might think that one big difference is that mountaineering is not a"team game"．We should be mistaken in this．There are，it is true，no"matches"between"teams"of climbers，but when climbers are on a rock face linked by a rope on which their lives may depend，there is obviously teamwork．
The mountain climber knows that he may have to fight forces that are stronger and more powerful than man．He has to fight the forces of nature．His sport requires high mental and physical qualities．
A mountain climber continues to improve in skills year by year．A skier is probably past his best by the age of thirty．But it is not unusual for men of fifty or sixty to climb the highest mountains in the Alps．They may take more time than younger men，but they perhaps climb with more skills and less waste of effort，and they certainly experience equal enjoyment．

36．What sports are popular among people in winter in the passage？B
A．Soccer and golf．      B．Skiing and skating．
C．Cycling and hockey．   D．Mountaineering．
37．The underlined word"passion"in Paragraph 2could best be replaced byA．
A．strong emotion                 B．good way
C．better feeling                 D．enough affection
38．Mountaineering is a sport，not a game becauseD．
A．it has man-made rules
B．it is too dangerous for climbers
C．it can't bring people joy or leisure
D．it is free for climbers to use their own methods
39．We know from the passage thatD．
A．mountaineering has no appeal for people
B．physical quality is more important than mental one for climbers
C．a mountain climber passes his best by the age of thirty
D．it is possible for an old man of fifty or sixty to climb the Alps
40．What is the best title for the passage？C
A．Sports in winter              B．Team work in climbing
C．Mountaineering                D．The quality for mountaineering．

2．The oldest forms of medicine are enjoying a comeback．Modern holistic medicine is an approach that treats the whole patient，not just the disease．It is a way to maintain good health rather than cure illness．The most important influences on today's holistic medicine are ancient Chinese medicine and Indian Ayurvedic medicine，both of which promoted whole body health．
Holistic medicine usually combines diet，physical exercise and meditation，together with other alternative techniques such as massage（按摩）and acupuncture（针炙）．Herbal treatment，a practice of treating illness by using plants，is influenced by the writings of Culpeper as well as Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine．Homeopathy（顺势疗法）is one of the forms of holistic medicine which is widely practiced in Europe and the USA．Homeopathy began in Germany in the early 1800s，when Samuel Hahnemann bescribed how very tiny doses（剂量）of a drug had an effect on his patients．According to Hahnemann，the more the drug was diluted（稀释），the stronger its effects．The substance selected would produce similar effects to the disease itself if given in large doses．In the UK homeopathy is regarded as a non-traditional but just about acceptable treatment．
Meditation and contemplation have an important role in holistic medicine．They were brought to Europe by Indian teachers who combined Indian Ayurvedic medicine with Western beliefs．Transcendental meditation（超脱静坐）is one of the best known of these techniques．People repeat words inside their head to reach a state of deep relaxation．
The holistic movement has made many doctors look at the whole patient，not just the disease．Life-style，emotional problems and diet are just some of the factors that can affect a person's health．Holistic medicine emphasizes good diet，exercise and fresh air，all of which
contribute to health．Some clinics now offer holistic medicine along with traditional treatments，so
that their patients can choose a combination of treatments that suits them．One problem with holistic medicine is that it is difficult for people to be sure a doctor is reliable．To solve this，many countries want alternative doctors to form professional bodies．

71．Modern holistic medicine centers uponD．
A．curing a disease         B．herbal treatment
C．continuous development   D．keeping patients healthy
72．Which of the following does NOT belong to holistic medicine？D
A．massage            B．meditation
C．a balanced diet    D．a knee operation
73．The principle of homeopathy is thatC．
A．the large doses of medicine that will not be harmful will take better effect
B．the disease will be cured sooner by taking larger doses of medicine
C．a small thinner dose of medicine will be more effective
D．the doses of medicine depend on how serious the illness is
74．Which of the following titles best sums up the passage？A
A．Holistic Medicine  
B．Traditional Medicine Returns
C．History of Medicine 
D．Combination of Treatments Works
75．What can we infer from the passage？B
A．Relaxation is the key of holistic treatment．
B．Holistic medicine needs to become more trustworthy．
C．Holistic treatment is more beneficial than traditional treatments．
D．Holistic medicine will become the most welcome treatment soon．

1．You feel happiest when you create a healthy balance between giving and receiving．If you give and give without making time to fill your own needs，then it's likely you will burn out，or feel upset．When you take and take without giving anything back，you never feel fulfilled，so you are always searching for ways to fill the void in your life．
The way to create a healthy balance between giving and receiving is to know and then live by your values．I break values up into two groups which I call being and having values．Your being values are the character traits of the ideal person you would like to be．I suggest to my clients that they choose three being values that they are willing to make a commitment to live by．An example of some being values are：kind，loving，generous，inspirational，peaceful，wise and even powerful．By acting on these values you give to others through your actions and you inspire others by being a positive role model．Mastering being these character traits becomes your life purpose．
Your having values are the feelings you need to create in order to be happy．These could be companionship，achievement，support，being valued or financial security．This is what you receive．You take responsibility for filling your own needs by taking steps to create these feelings and conditions in your life．
When you make a commitment to live by your being values，it becomes easier to make conscious choices rather than reactionary ones．If your usual pattern is to talk about your problems，you could choose to think and act like a calm person．A calm person might go for a walk，meditate（沉思），or set a time limit before responding．If your usual pattern is to worry，you could choose to act like a responsible or wise person．In other words，you would act like the person you choose to be-this is the key to personal power．
When you choose to act on your values，you not only feel good about yourself，you reinforce（加强）your chosen beliefs．Over time acting in this way changes how you see the world，and in turn the way other people think of you．

60．The main purpose of this passage is toC．
A．persuade the readers to make a commitment
B．explain to the readers what personal values are
C．inform the readers how to be truly happy
D．instruct the readers how to make wise choices
61．According to the text，living by your being values，you wouldB．
A．gain a lot of power B．form positive personality
C．seek all human virtues D．fill your own needs
62．The underlined word"void"in Paragraph 1meansA．
A．a feeling of emptiness    B．an absence of one's mind
C．a break of continuity     D．a state of confusion
63．What can be inferred from the text？B
A．Having values are better than being values．
B．A calm person does not choose to complain．
C．The way other people think of you decides who you are．
D．A responsible person does not care about financial security．