A. explore B. examine

C. explode D. employ

A. where; that B. which; that

C. where; what D. which; that

A. differs from; in which B. is different from; in that

C. differs from; in what D. is different from; in where

Stressed? It is shown in recent research that walking or cycling to work calms you down (traveling by bus or train is also better than driving).

Walking to work reduces stress and improves brain power, researchers say. Adults who stopped driving the car and started walking or cycling became calmer and found it easier to concentrate. A study of 18,000 Britons found that going to work by train or bus improved their wellbeing compared with driving.

The study, published in the journal Preventive Medicine, also found that the longer people spent walking or cycling, the happier or less stressed they were. However, stress levels and inability to concentrate worsened if they spent more time in the car.

Lead researcher Adam Martin, from the University of East Anglia's Norwich Medical School, said that despite the crowds and disruption, walking to bus stops or stations and being able to relax on the journey “cheer people up”. Two thirds drive to work, 18 percent use public transport, 11 percent walk and 3 percent cycle.

A research earlier this year found that commuters (乘公共车辆往返者) had small but statistically significant lower scores on all measures of wellbeing. The worst effects were witnessed in those whose journeys last between 61 and 90 minutes. But when commuting time reaches three hours or more, the negative effects disappear, the report said.

“The effects of commuting on personal wellbeing are the greatest for anxiety and happiness, suggesting that commuting affects daytoday emotions more than overall evaluations of satisfaction with life or the sense that daily activities are worthwhile，” the report stated.

Dr Daniel Newman, from Cardiff University's Sustainable Places Research Institute, said, “This report says that many of us, who spend mornings and evenings sitting in traffic jam, already know: commuting can be a chore.”

【1】What can be learned from Paragraph 1?

A.Driving for long drives people crazy.

B.Feeling stressed can be predicted.

C.Walking to work helps reduce stress.

D.Travelling by bus makes people excited.

【2】Walking to work is something ________.

A.preferred by most people

B.easier to perform in daily life

C.making people more creative

D.beneficial to the sense of happiness

【3】What does the underlined word “chore” probably mean?

A.Tiresome task.

B.Amazing challenge.

C.Meaningless thing.

D.Financial trouble.

【4】What type of writing is this text?

A.A scientific report.

B.A transportation guide.

C.A policy announcement.

D.A new lifestyle introduction.

Walk down the drinks section at the supermarket.Look in the drink cooler in your local convenience store.A new drink is taking up more and more space on the shelves，and that drink is water.Bottled water sales in the US rose to 1.7 billion gallons in 2010 for plastic bottles alone，compared to total sales of only 700 million gallons in 1990. Whereas bottled water was once associated only with the rich and the privileged (特权阶层)，it is now regularly drunk by people at all income levels despite the fact that the price of bottled water can be between 240 and 10,000 times higher per gallon than tap water.What accounts for this surprising increase in demand?

Traditionally，people have drunk bottled water for health reasons.The practice of “taking the waters” originated with the Romans，who believed that a person developed a healthy mind by building a healthy body.Across Europe，drinking or bathing in mineral water has been associated with the power to cure various diseases.Health spas at Evian in France and Pellegrino in Italy began bottling water so that their consumers could continue their treatments at home.The consumers in the 21st century are also concerned about health.However，in America，where the habit of drinking bottled water is relatively new，the concern is often more related to the purity or sterilization (消毒) of the water than to its mineral contents.Americans are often worried about the effects of the chemical pollution and other contaminants on the water supply.Many Americans view bottled water as a safe alternative to tap water.

Further reasons for drinking bottled water are its usefulness as an aid to digestion，as a complement to a good meal in a restaurant，and for taste.City tap water is often treated with chlorine (氯) to guard against harmful microorganisms.Chlorine，as well as metals from pipes and tanks used to distribute and store tap water，can leave behind an unpleasant taste.

【1】Which of the following statements is true?

A．Bottled water was once drunk both by the rich and the poor.

B．Bottled water sales have risen，for it’s cheaper than tap water.

C．Europeans believed in the power of treatment of mineral water.

D．Americans have had the habit of drinking bottled water for long.

【2】People prefer bottled water because________.

A．it does good to their health

B．it has chlorine to make it taste good

C．it contains no mineral pollution at all

D．it’s a practice originated with the Romans

【3】The underlined word “contaminants” most probably means________.

A．pollutants B．microorganisms

C．chemicals D．minerals

【4】Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?

A．How Bottled Water Originated

B．“Taking the Waters” Has Been Practiced for Long

C．What’s the Safe Alternative to Tap Water

D．Why Bottled Water Sales Increase

A. make way for B. take place of

C. pay attention to D. keep pace with

Many of us still tend to think that emotions can affect reasonable thought，and sometimes land us in trouble. But in recent years psychologists have taken quite a different view. Keith Oatley，Professor of Psychology at Glasgow University，is involved in the research which shows the fundamental importance of emotions.

He believes we are very ambivalent about them：we think of our emotions as being unreasonable，but we also consider them as essential to being human.For example，Mr Spock，a character in the television series Star Trek，is superintelligent and he has no emotions at all.However，he is never made captain of the spaceship.Maybe，this is because Mr Spock is not the kind of person you can share your feelings with—a person who shows his emotions.

As Professor Oatley points out，our emotions have very important functions，for example，fear.If we cross the road and a car approaches，we usually stop moving or step back.We stop what we are doing，check what we have done and pay very careful attention to the environment.The emotion of fear makes us take this small series of actions which，on average，help preserve our safety.

On the other hand，if things are going well and small problems come up，we find we can solve them with the resources we have to hand.As a consequence，we tend to feel happy and usually continue doing the job.

Anger is an emotion that tends to occur when someone is preventing us from doing something.Then this small “kit” of reactions enables us to prepare ourselves to be quite aggressive to that person，or to try harder，and so on.

Professor Oatley believes emotions generally occur at these important moments in actions.With fear and anger our emotions make us decide to start doing something else，while with happiness they “suggest” we continue what we are already doing.

【1】What’s Keith Oatley’s opinion about emotions?

A．They affect reasonable thought.

B．They get us into trouble.

C．They are helpful to us.

D．They are reasonable.

【2】What does the underlined part “we are very ambivalent about them” in Paragraph 2 mean?

A．We have contradictory feelings towards emotions.

B．We have similar ideas of emotions.

C．We are quite clear about emotions.

D．We can do nothing about emotions.

【3】Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?

A．Fear helps us to be careful about our surroundings.

B．Happiness inspires us to continue what we are doing.

C．Anger may urge us to make greater efforts.

D．Anger tends to do us more harm than good.

【4】It can be inferred from the passage that________.

A．we must control our emotions in daily life

B．emotions play a more important part than we realize

C．positive emotions such as love and joy are good for us

D．negative emotions make us continue what we are doing

In US high school, everything must【3】(record) into your studying document, including your grades on quizzes, tests and final examinations. Failing【4】(turn) in your homework on time will directly affect your grade for a certain course. Perhaps completely different from【5】we used to think of the US high school students, they pay great attention to【6】(they) academic performance in order that they can get into a distinguished university.

Like university students, US high school students have the【7】(free) to choose the courses that most interest them. Even a ninth-grader can sit 【8】 the same classroom as 12th-graders. But this also 【9】 (mean) he or she has to work very hard, because the teacher will not treat him or her【10】(different).

A. is turned out; left B. is turned out; left

C. turns out; leaving D. turns out; left

A new study has found that you might fall asleep more quickly and stay asleep longer if you try “cerebral hypothermia.” It is not a complex medical process. It just means cooling down your brain. Eric Nofzinger and Naniel Buysse from the University of Pittsburgh Medical School led the study. They examined twelve people who had sleeping problems. Twelve others had no sleeping problems. Each of them wore a soft plastic cap on their head at bedtime.

The caps had tubes inside filled with water. The researchers moved the water through the tubes and then changed the temperature of the water. Other studies showed that people who had sleeping problems often had more chemical reactions in the front of their brain. The researchers thought cooling down the brain might help.

On the first two nights of testing, the patients wore caps with no water. On the next two nights, the caps were worn, but the water was not cooled. Then the researchers cooled the water a little for another two nights. On the final two nights of the study, the temperature of the water was made much cooler. The researchers found that the water caps didn’ t help the patients until the temperature was about 14℃. Most of the patients fell asleep faster and slept better when the coolest water was moving around their head.

Dr Nfzinger and Dr. Buysse noted that this was only the beginning of the brain temperature study. But they believed they had discovered something important that needed more research.

【1】The first paragraph is written to _________.

A. put forward the topic of the passage.

B. explain how serious insomnia is

C. tell us the causes of sleeping problems.

D. tell us the danger of having sleeping problems.

【2】From the passage we know that “cerebral hypothermia” is actually _________.

A. a complex medical process.

B. a psychological treatment.

C. a simple physical treatment.

D. a difficult scientific theory.

【3】In the study, researchers helped people fall asleep faster through _________.

A. increasing chemical reactions in the front of their brain.

B. making them feel safe with a cap on their head

C. asking them to drink water to cool down

D. lowering the temperature of their brain

【4】What is paragraph 4 mainly about?

A. The cause of the study.

B. The function of the caps.

C. People’s reactions to the study.

D. Some details of the study.