For years children in the industrial areas of Europe and America seldom left their smoky cities to see the
beauties of the countryside. Not that the woods and fields were always far away, but they were too far from
the city to permit people to make a round trip between morning and nightfall. What's more, factory workers
did not have enoug money to send their children on country holidays away from home.
     In 1907 a young German schoolmaster had an idea which changed this state of affairs. He decided to turn
his little schoolhouse into a domitory for the summer holidays. Anyone who bmught his sleeping bag and
cooking equipment along could stay there for a very smaU amount of money. The idea was a success. A few
years later the schoolhouse was far too small to hold so many young people who wanted to stay there. So, a
dormitory was set up in an old caste nearby. This was the first Youth Hostel.
     Today young students and workers of every country can meet in the hostels and get to know each other.
Some spend a week or more in the same hostel, seeing the surrounding sights and meeting the people of the
area. Other youths go on foot or by bicycle from place to place, spending a night or two in one hostel, then
going to the next.
     Sometimes an infomal program will be organized after the meal, with dances, songs, or short talks followed
by a question period. One can _____ about other places, just by meeting people who come from these places.
For this reason, a few weeks spent "hostelling" can be just as useful a part of one's education as classes in
school.

1. Translate the underlined sentence in paragraph l into Chinese.
    _______________________________________________________________________________________
2. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us? (Please answer within 10 words)
    _______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Which sentence in the text is the closest in meaning to the following one? Some youths stay in a hostel for 
    several days, during which period they go sightseeing and visit the local people.
    _______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Fill in the blank in the 4th pamgraph with proper words to complete the sentence. (P1ease answer within 7
    words)
    _______________________________________________________________________________________
5. List 3 of the advantages of hostelling according to the text. (Please answer within 15 words)
    _______________________________________________________________________________________

     The New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, Financial Times and some other newspapers have published
articles indicating that cyber attacks targeting Google and several other U.S. companies were from China.
Such accusations are biased (有偏见的).
     These anicles take as evidence that hackers' IP addresses could be traced back to two schools in China.
However, it is common sense that hackers can attack by contmlling computers from anywhere in the world.
This fact also explains why hackers are hard to be tracked down.
     Computers in China are easy to be controlled by hackers as the majority of Chinese Internet users lack
security awareness and adequate protection measures.
     The hackers' IP addresses could by no means vindicate (证明正确) the newspapers' accusations that the
attacks were carried out by Chinese citizens or from within China.
     The New York Times says one of the schools from which the cyber attacks were said to originate has
military support. Another school "has received financing from a high-level government science and technology
project."
     The New York Times went to great lengths to mention that "graduates of one of the school's computcr
science department are employed by the local military each year." The paper, howevcr, did not care to tell its
readers that a school in China does not need to have any special relationship with the military to have its
graduates in uniform. It is also true in the United States, where the New York Times is based.
     China's attitude toward cyber attacks has been unequivocal and has adopted laws against such crimes, as
China is one of the countries that suffer from cyber attacks.
     The U.S. government, on the other hand, takes an uncertain attitude toward cyber attacks. According to
media reports, the U.S. Homeland Security and Defense departments have both openly employed hackers.
     People with a "blackhat perspective" and knowing how to "do threat modeling" are the best choices, said
Philip Reitinger, Department of Homeland Security deputy undcrsecretary, at an information security
conference last October.
     Cyber crimes could cause immense losses to individuals, companies and nations. Effective supervision (监
督) and closer international cooperation are ways to improve cyber security. Finger pointing is not.

1. The passage is intended to tell us that _____. 

A. IP addresses are often used as evidence to track down hackers
B. it's not necessary for schools in China to contact the military
C. the U.S. government openly employ hackers to deal with cyber attacks
D. the accusations of cyber attacks against China are unreasonable and irresponsible

2. The underlined word "unequivocal" in Paragraph 7 means _____.

A. clear
B. negative
C. supportive
D. vague

3. We can conclude from the passage that _____.

A. international cooperation and finger pointing are called for to ensure cyber safety
B. people skilled at doing threat modeling don't have security awareness
C. some hackers work for the U.S. Homeland Security and Defense departments
D. hackers are difficult to catch because they can cause lots of losses to people

4. The passage is organized by _____.

A. raising questions and analyzing figures
B. making descriptions and giving explanations
C. presenting opinions and providing arguments
D. giving definitions and explaining details

     We may all have had the embarrassing moment: Getting half-way through a story only to realize that we've
told this exact tale before, to the person we're boring with it now. Why do we make such memory mistakes?
     According to research published in Psychological Science, it may have to do with the way our brains
process different types of memory.
     Researchers Nigel Gopie, of the Rotman Research Institute in Toronto, and Colin MacLeod, of the University
of Waterloo, divided memory into two kinds. The first was source memory, or the ability to keep track of where
information is coming from. The second was destination memory, or the ability to recall whom we have given
information to.
     They found that source memory functions better than destination memory, in part because of the direction
in which that information is travelling.
     To study the differences between source and destination memory, the researchers did an experiment on 60
university students, according to a New York Times report. The students were asked to associate 50 random
(随意的) facts with the faces of 50 famous people. Half of the students "told" each fact to one of the faces,
reading it aloud when the celebrity's picture appeared on a computer screen. The other half read each fact
silently and saw a different celebrity picture afterward.
     When later asked to recall which facts went with which faces, the students who were giving information
out (destination memory) scored about 16 percent lower on memory perfonnance compared with the students
receiving information (source memory).
     The researchers concluded that outgoing information was less associated with its environmental context (背
景) that is, the person-than incoming information.
     This makes sense given what is known about attention. A person who is giving information even little facts,
will devote some mental resources to thinking about what is being said Because our attention is finite (有限的),
we give less attention to the person we are giving information to.
     After a second experiment with another group of 40 students, the researchers concluded that self-focus is
another factor that undermines destination memory.
     They asked half the students to continue giving out random information, while the other told things about
themselves. This time around, those who were talking about themselves did 15 percent worse than those giving
random information.
     "When you start telling these personal facts compared with non-self facts, suddenly destination memory
goes down more, suggesting that it is the self-focus component (成分) that's reducing the memory," Gopie told
Live Science.

1. The point of this article is to _____.

A. give advice on how to improve memory
B. tell what causes the memory to worsen
C. explain why we repeat stories to the same person
D. introduce different kinds of memories

2. Those who read each fact silently and saw a different celebrity picture afterwards _____.  

A. can memorize more information
B. have worse memory
C. are more likely to repeat stories
D. paid more attention to themselves

3. The person who is giving information _____.

A. may receive little facts
B. focuses more on what he is saying
C. has finite attention
D. pays much attention to his own behavior

4. Theunderlinedword "undermines" probably means _____. 

A. Aweakens
B. benefits
C. explains
D. supports

5. What did the scientists conclude from the second experiment?

A. Destination memory is weaker than source memory.
B. Focusing attention on oneself leads to relatively poor source memory performane.
C. ASSociating personal experience with information helps people memorize better.
D. Self-focus is responsible for giving information twice or more to the same persor.

     Many college-bound freshmen are worrying about more than just who their roommates will be this fall.
They may also be nervous about the well-known fact that'they are likely to gain weight this school year.
While many of us remember the extra weight that showed up right around the start of our college careers,
we are not always clear on how much weight we realize gained or why.
     Many nutrition experts and psychologists think that it is the change in environment and the stress of a
new begjnning that cause the typical college freshmen to gain extra pounds. As students start a new stage
of their lives, many eat to deal with the stress of change or loneliness. Often, college students are making
meals or choosing foods independently for the first time in their lives. If they live in the college dormitory,
they have a wide variety of foods to select from that may be higher in calories and fatter than the foods they
consumed living at home. In addition college social events usually center around food. I clearly remember
sitting in my dorm cafeteria for two or three hours on a Saturday morning socializing with my new friends.
Instead of eating only one meal, we would start with breakfast, eat throughout the duration of our socializing,
and finish with lunch. Food also makes an appearance after late-night parties, as part of a school day, or
simply to break the monotony (单调).
     So will this year's typical freshmen really gain 15 pounds? According to a 2006 Tufts University study,
students enrolling in college this fall will gain weight, but maybe not the assumed 15 pounds. Based on the
students surveyed, the study found that men can expect to gain an average of 6 pounds and women an
average of 4.5 pounds during the freshman year.

1. What makes many college-bound freshman worried? (not more than 8 words)
    _____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What seems to play an important role in students' social events? (1 word)
    _____________________________________________________________________________________
3. What causes many college freshmen gain weight according to many nutrition experts and psychologists?
    (not more than 11 words)
    _____________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the result of the 2006 Tufts University study? (not more than 11 words)
    _____________________________________________________________________________________

     In a time of low academic (学术的) achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are
turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic (经济上的) success, for possible
answers. However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to
find. In most Japanese preschools, surprisingly little stress is put on academic instruction. In one study,
300 Japanese and 210 American preschool teachers, child development specialists, and parents were asked
about various aspects of early childhood education. Only 2 percent of the Japanese listed "to give children
a good start academically" as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. In comparison,
over half the Americans chose this as one of'their top three choices. To prepare children for successful
careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather
skills such as determination, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group.
     In the recent comparison of Japanese and American preschool education, 91 percent of Japanese chose
group experience as one of their top three reasons while 62 percent of the more individually oriented (强调
个性发展的) Americans chose it. A stress on the importance of the group continues into Japanese primary
school education 
     Like in America, there is diversity (多样性) in Japanese early childhood education. Some Japanese
kindergartens have specific aims, such as early musical training or potential development. In large cities,
some kindergartens are attached to universities that have primary and secondary schools.
     Some Japanese parents believe that if their young children attend a university-based program, it will
increase the children's chances of finally being admitted to top-rated schools and universities.

1. We learn from the first paragraph that many Americans believe _____.  

A. Japanese parents pay more attention to preschool education than American parents
B. Japan's economic success is a result of its scientific achievements
C. Japanese preschool education stresses academic instruction
D. Japan's higher education is better than theirs

2. More than three fifths of the American respondents (答卷者) believe that preschools should also attach
    importance to _____.

A. problem solving
B. group experience
C. parental guidance
D. individually oriented development

3. In Japan's preschool education, the focus is on _____.

A. preparing children academically
B. developing children's artistic interests
C. developing children's potential
D. improving children's personal qualities

4. Why do some Japanese parents send their children to university-based kindergartens?

A. They can do better in their future studies.
B. They can gain more group experience there.
C. They can be individually oriented when they grow up.
D. They can have better chances of getting a first-rate education.

     The Red Panda isn't much bigger than an average size house cat. At first you may think it's a bear because
of its name. They're actually a member of the raccoon (浣熊) family which you can tell if you look at their
appearance.
     The Red Panda has a long bushy tail that is useful in two ways. It helps them stay balanced when they are
high up in the trees and it keeps them warm in cold weather. Their fur is thick and reddish brown, which may
be why they're known as the firefox. The Red Panda can be found in forested mountains. They're originally
from the forested mountain in the Himalayas in India, Nepal and southern China. Bamboo is the most important
part of their diet. They only eat the young leaves and shoots of a bamhoo plant. Red Pandas have a very low
metabolic rate (代谢率) in order to deal with their low energy diet and cool environmental temperatures.
     They're very shy and gentle and don't hang around the wild too much during the day. If they feel endangered,
they'll stand on their back legs and make a hissing (嘶嘶的) sound. Red Pandas are good climbers and spend
most of their time living mainly in trees. Their claws are very strong and help them hold onto the branches.
They sleep in an unusual way by curling up tightly and wrapping their tail around their head while sitting on a
branch. Sometimes they'll sleep with their head beneath their chest and behind their back feet. This is the same
position as an American raccoon sleeps.

1. You can tell that the Red Panda is a member of the raccoon family from _____.

A. its name
B. its appearance
C. its diet
D. its living place

2. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? 

A. The Red Panda can only be found in India, Ncpal and southern China.
B The Red Panda's tail can help it stay balanced when it is high up in the tree.
C. The Red Panda eats the whole of the bamboo.
D. The Red Panda has high metabolic rate when the temperature is high.

3. What will Red Pandas do when they are in trouble?

A. They will hang around the wild during the day.
B. They will climb into the trees.
C. They will wrap their tails around their head.
D. They will stand on their back legs and make a hissing sound.

4. The Red Panda holds onto the branches with their _____.

A. tails
B. fur
C. back legs
D. claws

     A car that runs on coffee is unveiled (shown to the public for the first time) today but at between 25
and 50 times the cost of running a car on petrol, the invention won't please any motor industry accountants.
     Nicknamed the Car-puccino, it has been created using a 1988 Volkswagen Scirocco bought for ￡400
and it was chosen because it looked like the time-traveling DeLorean in the movie Back To The Future. The
car will be driven the 210 miles between Manchester and London powered only by roasted coffee granules
(颗粒). It has been built by a team from the BBCI science programme Bang Goes The Theory and will go
on display at the Big Bang science fair in Manchester to show how fuels other than traditional petrol can
power vehicles.
     The team calculates the Carpuccino will do three miles per kilo of ground coffee (咖啡粉)-about 56 cups
of espressos (浓咖啡) per mile. The journey will use about 70 kilos of ground coffee which, at supermarket
prices of between ￡13 and ￡26 a kilo depending on brand and quality, will cost between ￡910 and ￡l,820,
or between 25 and 50 times the ￡36 cost of petrol for the journey. In total, the trip will cost 11,760 espressos,
and the team will have to take 6coffee breaks' roughly every 30 to 45 miles to pour in more granules. They
will also have to stop about every 60 miles to clean out the 'coffee filters' to rid them of the soot and tar which
is also generated by the process. So despite a top speed of 60 mph, the many stops mean the going will be
slow, with the journey taking around ten hours.
     Sadly, the inventors will still have to pay duty on their coffee fuel-even though tax collectors at Her
Majesty's Revenue and Custom haven't yet worked out how much.
     Nick Watson, producer of Bang Goes The Theory, said, "Coffee, like wood or coal, has some carbon
content so you can use it as a fuel. The coffee needs to be very dry and in granules to allow the air to move
through the pile of coffee as it burns. The brand doesn't matter." He said the same technology could be used
to power a car on other unusual fuels, such as woodchips or nut shells, construction or agricultural waste.

1. Which is the right way to choose the coffee used as fuels to run the Car-puccino?

A. It should be very dry.
B. The stronger, the better.
C. The smaller the granules are, the better.
D. It should be of a certain brand.

2. What can be inferred from the passage?

A. All kinds of materials can be used as fuels.
B. The Car-puccino will be put into the market soon.
C. Nick Watson is the designer of the Car-puccino.
D. Much remains to be improved for the Car-puccino.

3. The Car-puccino has its disadvantages EXCEPT that _____.

A. it makes a lot of noise
B. it runs at a very high cost
C. it has to stop to be refueled very often
D. it's not good enough for long-distance journey

4. How much ground coffee will be used to cover a distance of 126 miles in this car?

A. About 70 kilos.
B. About 42 kilos.
C. About 32 kilos.
D. About 30 kilos.