科目: 来源:0113 期末题 题型:阅读理解
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科目: 来源:0106 期末题 题型:阅读理解
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科目: 来源:0106 期末题 题型:阅读理解
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because
certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely
believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological
(生理的) "drive" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort
of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with
no reward except the successful outcome.
Paousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to
carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a
baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with
clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's response in situation where no milk was provided.
He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the
movement"switched on a display of lights-and indeed that they were able to learn quite complicated turns to
bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation
that sometimes they would turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when
the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it
was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a
fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
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科目: 来源:0106 期末题 题型:阅读理解
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科目: 来源:陕西省期末题 题型:阅读理解
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科目: 来源:陕西省期末题 题型:阅读理解
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科目: 来源:0119 期末题 题型:完形填空
完形填空。 | ||||
Chinese scientists are again becoming excited about the fact that a large hairy animal may live in central China. Now they hope it won't be too long before they are able to 1 its existence. Their confidence is the 2 of a new discovery of the mystery animal in Hubei Province. Ten Chinese 3 , enjoying a holiday in a National Forest Park, were driving down a road. As their bus turned a corner, the men were suddenly 4 by what they saw. Three 5 animals, covered with long black hair, were crossing the road. On seeing the animal, the engineers immediately stopped and 6 them. 7 , when they saw how the animals moved through the forest with great 8 and strength, they did not dare to follow any further. The men did not take any 9 . However, scientists are 10 by the discovery, because the engineers were all very educated people and scientists feel they can 11 what they described. After the discovery, scientists returned to the forest and 12 some hair and measured footprints. About 20 inches appears to be the animal's foot! Chinese scientists have now set up a special group to exchange information and make a 13 of the forest. But in the meantime, some people 14 to believe that this half- man, half-monkey exists. They will not believe that it is 15 until one of the animals has been caught. | ||||
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科目: 来源:0123 期中题 题型:阅读理解
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科目: 来源:0107 期中题 题型:阅读理解
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科目: 来源:0111 期中题 题型:阅读理解
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