E

       Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards(外部奖赏), from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, believe that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others. 

    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness(创造力), according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology".      

       "If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much desire for rewards." A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore

failing grades.              

    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.       

71．Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward _____.

       A．the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards

       B．the amount of monetary rewards for students' creativity

       C．the study of relationship between actions and their consequences

       D．the effects of external rewards on students' performance

72．What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?      

       A．They have no doubts about them.

       B．They have doubts about them.

       C．They approve of them.   

       D．They avoid talking about them.

73．Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?

       A．Giving them tasks they have not dealt with before.

       B．Giving them tasks which require inventiveness.

       C．Giving them rewards they really deserve.

       D．Giving them rewards they hope for.

74．.It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ______.

       A．rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students

       B．punishment is more effective than rewarding

       C．failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards         

    D．discouraging the students' anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency             

75．The phrase "token economies" (Sentence 1, Paragraph 5) probably refers to _____.       

       A．ways to develop economy     

       B．systems of rewarding students

       C．approaches to solving problems

       D．methods of improving performance

21．This book is said to be a special one, which____many events not found on other history books.

       A．writes                     B．covers                    C．instructs                 D．conveys

3. We find _________ easy to get along with our new teachers here.

A. that           B. it     C. this                    D. 不填

26．Newly-developed materials for spaceships can______extreme weather conditions.

       A．hold  B．support     C．stand D．carry

29._____ that they had to stay at home all day.

A. So the weather was terrible                 B. The weather so terrible was

C. So terrible was the weather                 D. So was the terrible weather

32. Hardly ______ when the bus suddenly pulled away.

   A. they had got to the bus stop 　       B. they got to the bus stop

   C. did they get to the bus stop 　       D. had they got to the bus stop

I’m terribly sorry to turn you down this time, but I promise I will ________ to you next time.

A．pick it up　　  B．make it up      C．turn it up　　　   D．set it up

写作（满分30分）

最近，在一些学校，考试作弊、抄袭作业、说谎等校园不诚信现象越来越普遍。请你结合实际，用英语写一篇词数在120—150的短文，对这一现象进行描述和分析，并对如何消除校园不诚信行为发表自己的看法。

We walked as fast as we could,____ to catch the 9:30 train．

A．to hope    B．hoping     C．hoped      D．hope

In our school it is a rule that the students are banned______computer games.

A. of playing     B. on playing        C. from playing       D. to play