The history of nomenclature (命名) in Britain is so old that no one knows the beginning of the story. Since written history began， people have had names. It is therefore impossible to do more than guess at how the earliest given names were chosen. Most names appear to have had some sort of original meaning， usually descriptive， rather than being simply a pleasing collection of sounds.

These descriptive names developed both from nouns and adjectives. The Irish Gaelic people  used descriptive nouns and adjectives which were meaningful. Early in prehistory some descriptive names began to be used again and again until they formed a name pool for that particular culture. Parents would choose names from the pool of existing names rather than invent new ones for their children.

With the rise of Christianity (基督教)， Christians were encouraged to name their children after the holy people of the church. These early Christian names can be found in many cultures today， in various forms. The pool of names in use in England changed basically after the Norman came in 1066. Then French names of Germanic origin became popular within three generations. As a result names like Emma， Matilda， Richard， and William， became common in English nomenclature. At the same time a few Old English names， like Edward and Alfred remained because they were names of holy people or kings； others were kept because they were used with slight changes by Germanic names from the Normans like Robert.

Surnames developed from bynames， which are additional ones used to differentiate people with the same given name.  These bynames fall into particular patterns.  These started out as specific  to a person and were taken down from father to son between the twelfth and sixteenth century. The noble usually used taken-down surnames early or the peasants did so later.

We can infer from the text that　　　　.

A.the first given names had not any actual meanings

B.people probably had names when there was no written language

C.the history of nomenclature is shorter than written history

D.names began to be used long after there was written language

The underlined word “they” (in Para.3) refers to “　　　　”.

A.Old English names               B.other names

C.names of Germanic origin  D.names of holy people

According to the text， which of the following statements is TRUE？

A.Robert is a Germanic name from the Normans.

B.Church didn’t encourage nomenclature used in the church.

C.Names like Emma and William were the most popular in 1066.

D.Names like Edward and Alfred were French names of Germanic origin.

Give the right order of surname development in history.

(a)People used bynames to differ people with the same given names.

(b)People chose given names from the pool of existing names.

(c)Bynames started out as specific to a person.

(d)Surnames became popular with common people.

(e)Surnames were taken down from father to son in noble families.

A.b-a-e-c-d          B.a-b-c-d-e        C.a-b-c-e-d      D.b-a-c-e-d

Which group of words can best describe the development of British nomenclature？

A.Additional， Particular and Various

B.Meaningful， Christian and Foreign

C.Descriptive， Meaningful and Germanic

D.Old English-styled， Christian and Original

假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同学写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（）,并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

      2．只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。

I often quarrel about my mother over whether I can watch TV after school. She holds the view what Senior Three students have to make fully use of every minute to work hard at their lessons. It seems to her that once I am allowed to do that, I’ll be unable to control myself and forget all about my study. She also thinks it was bad for my eyes. But I really can’t accept his ideas. In my opinion, watch TV can set my mind at rest after a day’s hard works. Beside, it is important for us to know what has happened at home and at abroad. Thus, we shouldn’t forbidden to watch TV.

—How did you manage to get such a nice old painting?

    —Quite _______.

   A. by accidents    B. by a chance     C. by accident         D. by incident

I want to see him       he arrives. Which of the following is wrong.

A. at the moment        B. directly           C. immediately        D. instantly

Don’t mention that at the beginning of the story, or it may ____the shocking ending.

   A. give away     B. give in          C. give up        D. give off

______ up from the book, I saw his eyes _______ on me in curiosity.

A. To look；fixing                         B. Looking；fixed

C. To look；fixed                          D. Looking；fixing

In the early 1800’s, a boy named John lived in an orphanage (孤儿院) with several other children. Every day was  36  working and Christmas was the one day of the year  37  the children did not work and received a gift — an orange. The children  38  it so much that they kept it for weeks, and even  39 — smelling it,  40  it and loving it. Usually they tried to preserve(保护) it for so  41  that it often went bad before they ate it.

This year John knew he would soon be  42  enough to leave. He would save the orange until his birthday in July. If he preserved it  43 , he might be able to eat it on his birthday. 

Christmas day finally came. The children were so  44  as they entered the dining hall. In his excitement, John knocked over something, causing a big  45 . Immediately the master shouted, “John, leave the hall and there will be no orange for you.” John's heart  46 . He turned and ran back to the  47  room so that the children wouldn’t see his tears. 

Then he heard the door open and the children entered. Little Elizabeth with a  48  on her face held out her small hands. “Here John,” she said, “this is for you.” As John  49  his head, he saw a big juicy  50  all peeled and quartered … Each child had sacrificed(舍弃) their own orange by 51  a quarter and had created a big, beautiful orange for him. 

John never forgot the sharing, love and personal  52  his friends had shown him that Christmas day.  53  that day, after he became rich, every year he  54  send oranges all over the world to children everywhere. His  55  was that no child would ever spend Christmas without a special Christmas fruit! 

A. forced          B. passed           C. taken            D. spent

A. as             B. when            C. while            D. which

A. needed        B. wanted           C. valued           D. liked

A. months        B. days             C. years           D. seasons

A. tasting         B. watching         C. pressing         D. touching

A. much          B. soon           C. long            D. far

A. old           B. strong         C. tall             D. experienced

A. seriously      B. carefully        C. secretly          D. softly

A. nervous       B. excited           C. pleasant          D. eager

A. cry            B. disappointment  C. surprise          D. noise

A. jumped        B. stopped          C. broke          D. settled

A. cold         B. small            C. old             D. lonely

A. look           B. tears             C. comfort          D. smile

A. shook          B. lifted          C. put             D. turned

A. gift          B. surprise          C. orange           D. wonder

A. sharing         B. breaking         C. eating            D. taking

A. feelings         B. affairs         C. relation          D. sacrifice

A. In return for   B. In case of       C. In memory of    D. In search of

A. must               B. would         C. might           D. should

A. desire          B. idea            C. meaning         D. thinking

There are hundreds of things that your parents controlled for you when you were a child. And it’s a good thing, too — kids need this kind of protection and assistance, because they aren’t mature enough to take care of themselves and make careful decisions on their own.

But eventually, kids grow up and become teens. It’s totally normal for teens to create their own opinions, thoughts, and values about life; it’s what prepares them for adulthood. But as you change and grow into this new person who makes his or her own decisions, your parents may have a difficult time adjusting themselves to it.

In most families, it’s this adjustment that can cause a lot of fighting between teens and parents. Teens get angry because they feel parents don’t respect them and aren’t giving them space to do what they like, and parents get angry because they aren’t used to not being in control or they disagree with the teens’ decisions.

It’s easy for feelings to get very hurt when there are conflicts like these. And more complicated issues can cause even bigger arguments, because your parents will always be intent on protecting you and keeping you safe, no matter how old you are.

The good news about fighting with your parents is that in many families the arguing will lessen as parents get more comfortable with the idea that their teens have a right to certain opinions. It can take several years for parents and teens to adjust to their new roles, though. In the meantime, concentrate on communicating with your parents as best you can.

Sometimes this can feel impossible — like they just don’t see your point of view and never will. But talking and expressing your opinions can help you gain more respect from your parents, and you may be able to reach a compromise that makes everyone happy. Keep in mind, too, that your parents were teens once and that in most cases, they can relate to what you’re going through.

Why do parents always want to control their children?

A. They are afraid to lose their children.

B. They want to protect their children.

C. They don’t believe the ability of their children.

D. They can’t accept their children are growing.

What does the underlined word “lessen” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?

A. disappear.      B. increase. 

C. strengthen.          D. decrease.

The author suggested that teenagers ____.

A. fight with their parents bravely for their rights

B. obey their parents without any doubt

C. communicate with their parents actively

D. persuade their parents in as many ways as possible 

It can be inferred from the passage that ____.

A. most parents will give in while fighting with their children

B. the conflict between parents and teenagers can be solved

C. the only way for teens to get freedom is to leave home

D. only few parents do well in facing the growth of their children

你和李明参加了一次野外生存训练。以下5幅图画表现了野外训练活动的过程，请根据图示写一篇英文日记。

注意：1. 词数100左右；

2. 日记的开头与结尾已为你写好。

生词：指南针：compass  n.    手电筒：flashlight  n. 

急救包：first-aid kit     宿营地：campsite  n.

Saturday, May 4, 2009

Li Ming and I took part in a wilderness survival program yesterday, and it has been one of the most unforgettable experiences since high school.

They ______ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we _____on it as no good results have come out so far.

A. had been working; are still working    B. had worked; were still working

C. have been working; have worked        D. have worked; are still working