阅读短文，根据所读内容在文后第76至第85小题的空格里填上适当的单词或短语。注意：每空不超过3个单词。

There has been a big change in the shopping experience throughout China recently.

The production, sale and use of plastic shopping bags 0.025 millimeter thick or thinner have been banned, and shops have been forbidden to provide customers with free plastic bags.

Many people are doubtful about the effects of such a ban, because people are used to receiving free plastic bags at check-out counters to put in the things they have bought. Complaints about inconvenience and additional cost have caused some to think the ban will fail or at least not be carried out completely.

But there is no excuse for not carrying out the ban completely. The convenience of free plastic shopping bags was at the expense of the environment.

Nobody can tell how many plastic bags are given, used and got rid of every day. We all know, from personal experiences that we are provided with these bags freely for our packing needs.

And we seldom reuse the bags. That is not just waste. It’s also environmental pollution. We are often annoyed by seeing discarded plastic bags in both cities and the countryside.

The rest usually end up in landfills. They do not begin to rot until 100 or more years later, and their complete decomposition takes 200years.

Lots of people bought plastic bags for use after June1. This shows that it is not easy to stop consumers from doing what they long took for granted.

But we believe additional costs and strict rules will finally help them get used to the ban. The process will be easier if more affordable and practical choices are offered to replace plastic bags.

We believe that, as long as there is a strong political will on the officials’ part, the ban will succeed.

Title: 76. ___________on plastic shopping bags

Until the twentieth century cigarettes were not an important threat to public health. Men used tobacco mainly in the form of cigars. Most women did not use tobacco at all. The cigarette industry began in the 1870s with the development of the cigarette manufacturing machine. This made it possible to produce great numbers of cigarettes very quickly, and it reduced the price.

   Today cigarette smoking is a widespread habit. About forty-three percent of the adult men and thirty-one percent of the adult women in the United States smoke cigarettes regularly. It is encouraging to note, however, that millions of people have given up the smoking habit. Seventy-five percent of the male population and forty-six percent of the female population have smoked cigarettes at some time during their lives, but twenty-six percent of these men and eleven percent of the women have stopped smoking. The number of persons who have given up smoking is increasing.

      Men as a group smoke more than women. Among both men and women the age group with the highest proportion of smokers is the age group 24-44. Income, education, and occupation all play a part in determining a person’s smoking habits. City people smoke more than people living on farms. Well-educated men with high incomes are less likely to smoke cigarettes than men with fewer years of schooling and lower incomes. On the other hand, if a well educated man with a higher income smokes at all, he is likely to smoke more packs of cigarettes per day. Among teenagers the picture is similar. There are fewer teenager smokers from upper-income, well-educated families, and fewer from families living in farm areas. High school students who are preparing for college are less likely to smoke than those who do not plan to continue their education after high school. Children are most likely to start smoking if one or both of their parents smoke.

73. Why wasn’t cigarette smoking so dangerous in the 19^th century? （不超过10个单词）

74. Find three main factors closely related to one’s smoking habits. （不超过4个单词）

  Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage, hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel example.

   At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scare health account that covers everything from his medical history to his motional state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient’s illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary.

   The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to the doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.

   Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized nursing administration; every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse managers instead of head nurses; in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations. Each unit’s nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when.

   Beth Israel’s nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital. She is also a member of the Medical Executive Committee, which in most hospitals includes only doctors.

69. Which of the following is the character of the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital?

A. The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse.

B. Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night.

C. The primary nurse writes a care plan for every patient.

D. The primary nurse keeps records of the patient’s health conditions every day.

70. A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when ____.

A. the present one is refused by the patient

B. the patient complains about the service of the hospital

C. the patient is found unwilling to cooperate

D. the present one proves to be ineffective

71. It can be inferred from the passage that ____.

A. nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient

B. in most hospitals patient care should be improved

C. nurses at Beth Israel Hospital seem to work longer hours

D. in most hospitals nurses get low salaries

72. The author’s attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital is ____.

     A. negative               B. critical            C. positive               D. subjective

Elephants are the largest land animals and they need plenty of living space. They have seasonal migration (迁徙) routes. As human populations rise, elephant land is being cleared for agriculture and other kinds of development.

When animals are effectively trapped on small areas of land, it restricts the gene pool and also results in a shortage of food. Where elephant reserves (保护区) border agricultural areas, elephants are often attracted to leave parks to attack crops and barns. Only the strongest walls will stop an adult elephant (males can weigh 6,000kg), so farmers have great difficulty protecting their fields.

In India, elephants don’t only attack for food. Some even have developed a taste for rice beer. In Assam, elephant-human conflict has resulted in the death of more than 150 people and 200 elephants in the space of two years.

Poverty leads to the killing of elephants for meat. If people don’t have enough food and their governments cannot afford to enforce poaching(偷猎) bans, it’s not difficult to predict the outcome.

Ivory comes form elephant tusks(象牙), which can grow to be 3 meters long. Both male and female African elephants have large tusks.

Most new ivory comes from Africa and is sold as a high status material in Asian countries such as Thailand, mainland China and Japan. It can fetch $150 an pound and is carved to make decorations, chopsticks and ink stamps. The conservation (保护) priority (重点) here is to change public attitudes.

In some countries in southern Africa, where conservation efforts have been successful, there is not enough room for a growing elephant population and animals have to be killed. A CITES meeting in November 2002 ruled that Botswana, Namibia and South Africa may sell stock-piled ivory, starting in2004.

Many conservationists are convinced that this will fuel the demand for ivory and lead to more illegal poaching, they say it is almost impossible to tell legal from poached ivory. The governments argue that the sales will be used to fund conservation work.

64. Which of the following isn’t the result of smaller elephant land?

   A. Seasonal migration.                       B. Elephant-human conflict.

   C. Restricting the gene pool.               D. Shortage of food.

65. The most important thing to protect elephants is ____.

A. to build strongest walls                     B. to change people’s ideas

C. to enforce poaching bans                  D. to sell stock-piled ivory instead of illegal ivory

66. What does the underlined word “this” in the last paragraph refer to?

   A. the killing of elephants for meat       B. the ban of the trade in African elephant ivory

   C. the selling of stock-piled ivory         D. the sales to fund conservation work

67. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

   A. The increasing human population is the main reason for less elephant land.

   B. All elephants don’t attack for food.

   C. People in some southern African countries have to kill elephants because elephant-human conflict is too fierce there.

   D. Within two years, over 150 people were killed in the elephant-human conflict.

68. According to the passage, we can infer that ____.

   A. farmers have difficulty in protecting their field because no walls can stop an adult elephant.

   B. if the government could help solve poverty, there would be less killing of elephants.

   C. only male elephants in Africa have tusks as long as 3 meters.

   D. since there is not enough room for a growing elephant population, there is no need to ban poaching all over Africa

The repairman told me, “No charge, Professor Pan! We’re friends. ” “I’d rather pay,” I replied. “If it’s free, I can’t afford it!”

Chinese often refuse payment for professional services, insisting, “We’re friends now!” But then they show up later to ask me to tutor them in English, or get them into an American university, and I wish I’d have just paid the 30 yuan I owed them in the first place!

According to the Americans, “There’s no free lunch,” meaning that there’s a price for everything, and I’m always looking around to figure out what this means.

Many of our neighbors have given us fruit or flowers or costly teas, never asking anything in return. For years, a bicycle repairman has repeatedly refused to let me pay him. “Wait until you have something major to fix!” he insists.

I mentioned to a peasant friend that I wished I had a stone mill to grind (磨) flour for bread. A month later he showed up with a beautiful mill that he’d had his uncle in the countryside carve from a solid block of granite (花岗石).

Chinese generosity (慷慨) is a real education for Americans like me, who would rather avoid social entanglements (纠纷) and just hand over the money. But cash can’t compensate (补偿) for the greatest gift friendship.

When an American saw some of my friends sitting on bamboo stools under the trees, sipping (呷) tea, he said, “They must have nothing better to do.” “Actually,” I said, “they are professors, with plenty to do. But probably you’re right in saying that, at this moment, they have nothing better to do. And neither do I!”

And I joined the group. We chatted about tea and Chinese cooking and how much my boys have grown since we arrived. One man said, “They were pocket-sized when you came here. Now they’re taller than you. How time flies!”

How life flies. And Chinese are smart enough to share what they know they cannot keep. They freely give of their time, never too busy to help a friend. And they are teaching me, slowly, to both give and receive. So the next time someone says, “No charge. We’re friends!” I will thank them heartily. But if they show up later asking me to tutor them in English, I’ll make sure they tutor my son in Chinese as well, because there’s still no free lunch.

60. The author insisted on paying repairman while he was offered free repairs because he ____.

A. was an honest man                                                  B. didn’t know the repairman

C. thought it natural to pay for others’ service              D. didn’t want to help others in return

61. Generally, the author thinks that Chinese are ____.

A. generous and always ready to help their friends        B. good at exchange of equal values

C. free enough to drink tea and chat with their friends   D. helpful but don’t treasure time

62. The best title for the passage should be “____”.

A. Learn to Both Give And Receive                          B. A Good Lesson from Chinese

C. True Help or Not                                               D. Still No Free Lunch

63. Which of the following is TRUE?

A. The Chinese would rather not take the money to avoid problems in social communication.

B. When a peasant knew the author needed a mill, he made one for the author himself.

C. The author thinks that Chinese are wise enough to enjoy the limited life.

D. The author thinks little of Chinese way of life.

Not many people talk to my son. It isn’t that they don’t want to. My son is two years old, and he’s  36 . I used to become  37  when strangers stared at us when we had conversations. But embarrassment soon became pride when I   38   that people were only staring because they thought our language was  39 . And indeed it is. He can  40  more with his face and  41  than most children of his age can say with their voices. To me, nothing is more beautiful than a child’s small hands  42  “I love you ”or “Mama, hold me ”.

People will  43 up to us, sometimes embarrassed and nervous, sometimes shy, but always  44  about this beautiful language we use. And  45  we do meet someone who “speaks” his language, it’s a unique and wonderful gift. Last week the whole family went to a nearby Zuka Juice. I noticed many people  46  us sign with Noah.

     Near the front door were two missionaries(传教士).One of them was  47  our conversation, and  48  at Noah. Noah waved back and smiled.  49  the young man did next made my heart leap and tears come to my eyes.

     I watched with  50  as his hands formed the signs for “You are beautiful”. I controlled my tears and watched him do it  51 . Noah turned and looked at me, his eyes huge,  52  to say, “MOM, DID YOU SEE THAT?!” The young man then signed to Noah, “How are you?” Noah did a few baby signs back, and  53 .

His  54   with my son was like a ray of sunshine. Even now when I  55  to what he said, it brings tears to my eyes. There aren’t many moments like that for Noah, and it’s a memory I’ll treasure forever.

He was busying writing a story, only ____ once in a while to smoke a cigarette.

A. to stop         B. to have stopped       C. stopping           D. being stopped

―Mum, you always tell me that if I work hard, I will pass the exam.

―But you must admit that you ____, so far.

A. didn’t          B. hadn’t              C. haven’t           D. don’t

There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars ____ road conditions need to be improved.

A. that          B. which              C. where            D. when

The Opening Ceremony of the 29^th Olympic Games is a great success, ____ that has surprised the world.

A. it                            B. one                C. the one             D. which