(05·天津E篇)

No one can fail to stand in awed ( 令人敬畏的 ) admiration of the great discoveries of history—Newton' s laws of motion; Kepler' s principles of planetary movement, Einstein' s general theory of relativity. Equally awe-inspiring are artistic creations in painting, theatre, music and literature, which have also been brought about by discovery through personal efforts.  What do these extraordinary achievements of well-known scientists and artists have to do with problem solving?

A great scientific discovery or a great work of art is surely the result of problem-solving activity. The solution to a problem, we are told, often comes to thinkers in a “flash of insight (顿悟)，although they may have been turning the problem over in their minds for some time. As a particular form of problem solving, these creative acts are based on the broad knowledge gained in the past, whether this be of the ``public" sort known to science, or of the "private" sort known to the artist.

    Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted  themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this.. Nothing in such statements supports the idea that there is anything very different about the problem solving that leads to discoveries of the great contributions to the society. The act of discovery, even in the relatively predictable (可以预见的) sense that it occurs in everyday learning, involves (涉及) a “sudden insight” which changes the problem situation into a solution situation. As we have seen, everyday discovery also requires that the learner have the knowledge of the rules gained in the past, which is involved in the solution.

 52. Newton, Kepler and Einstein are mentioned in the first paragraph to_______.

    A. bring about the subject of the discussion

    B. explain that scientists are more creative

    C. show the difference between science and arts

D. prove that arts require more personal efforts

 53. While knowledge from the past plays an important role in their achievements, thinkers sometimes also depend on their______.

A.artistic tastes

B.sudden insight

C.admiration of discoveries

D.scientific experiments

 54. What does the underlined word “this” refer to?

A.Great contributions to the society

B.Long-time study of the subject matter.

C.Various statements about problem solving.

D.Complete devotion to artistic creation.

55. We may conclude from the passage that ______.

A.it is more likely to make scientific and artistic discoveries in everyday learning.

B.a sudden insight and knowledge from the past are required in making discoveries

C.scientific discoveries or artistic creations are usually unpredictable in nature

D.knowledge of the rules in the past is often developed in the changes of situation

 (05·北京D篇)

Language as a System of Symbols

Of all systems of symbols(符号), language is the most highly developed. It has been pointed out that human beings, by agreement, can make anything stand for anything. Human beings have agreed, in the course of centuries of mutual(相互的) dependency, to let the various noises that they can produce with their lungs, throats, tongues, teeth, and lips systematically stand for certain happenings in their nervous systems. We call that system of agreements language.

There is no necessary connection between the symbol and that which it stands for. Just as social positions can be symbolized by feathers worn on the head, by gold on the watch chain, or by a thousand other things according to the culture we live in, so the fact of being hungry can be symbolized by a thousand different noises according to the culture we live in.

However obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually not so obvious as they seem except when we take special pains to think about the subject. Symbols and the things they stand for are independent of each other, yet we all have a way of feeling as if, and sometimes acting as if, there were necessary connections. For example, there are people who feel that foreign languages are unreasonable by nature: foreigners have such funny names for things, and why can’t they call things by their right names? This feeling exhibits itself most strongly in those English and American tourists who seem to believe that they can make the natives of any country understand English if they shout loud enough. Like the little boy who is reported to have said: “Pigs are called pigs because they are such dirty animals,” they feel the symbol is inherently(内在地) connected in some way with the things symbolized.

69．Language is a highly developed system of symbols because human beings _________.

       A．have made use of language for centuries

       B．use our nervous systems to support language

       C．have made various noises stand for any events

       D．can make anything stand for anything by agreement

70．What can we conclude from Paragraph 2?

       A．Different noise may mean different things.

       B．Our culture determines what a symbol stands for.

       C．The language we use symbolizes our social positions.

       D．Our social positions determine the way we are dressed.

71．In Paragraph 3, “take special pains” probably means “________”.

       A．try very hard                                       B．take our time       

       C．are very unhappy D．feel especially painful

72．The example of the little boy is used to show that ___________.

       A．adults often learn from their young

       B．“pig” is a dirty word because pigs are dirty

       C．words are not connected with the things they stand for

       D．people sometimes have wrong ideas about how language works

 (05·全国Ⅱ、全国ⅢB篇)

The days of elderly women doing nothing but cooking huge meals on holidays are gone. Enter the Red Hat Society －a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.

“My grandmothers didn’t do anything but keep house and serve everybody. They were programmed to do that,” said Emils Comette, head of a chapter of the 7-year-old Red Hat Society.

While men have long spent their time fishing and playing golf, women have sometimes seemed to become unnoticed as they age. But the generation now turning 50 is the baby boomers(生育高峰期出生的人), and the same people who refused their parents’ way of being young are now trying a new way of growing old.

If you take into consideration feminism(女权主义), a bit of spare money, and better health for most elderly, the Red Hat Society looks almost inevitable(必然的). In this society, women over 50 wear red hats and purple(紫色的) clothes, while the women under 50 wear pink hats and light purple clothing.

“The organization took the idea from a poem by Jenny Joseph that begins: “When I am an old woman, I shall wear purple. With a red hat which doesn’t go,” said Ellen Cooper, who founded the Red Hat Society in 1998. When the ladies started to wear the red hats, they attracted lots of attention.

“The point of this is that we need a rest from always doing something for someone else,” Cooper said. “Women feel so ashamed and sorry when they do something for themselves.” This is why chapters are discouraged from raising money or doing anything useful. “We’re a ladies’ play group. It couldn’t be more simple,” added Cooper’s assistant Joe Heywood.

44．The underlined word “chapter” in paragraph 2 means __________.

       A．one branch of an organization

B．a written agreement of a club

       C．one part of a collection of poems

D．a period in a society’s history

45．From the text , we know that the “baby boomers” are a group of people who

       A．have gradually become more noticeable

       B．are worried about getting old too quickly

       C．are enjoying a good life with plenty of money to spend

       D．tried living a different life from their parents when they were young

46．It could be inferred from the text that members of the Red Hat Society are          .

       A．interested in raising money for social work

       B．programmers who can plan well for their future

       C．believers in equality between men and women

       D．good at cooking big meals and taking care of others

47．Who set up the Red Hat Society ?

       A．Emily Cornette .

B．Ellen Cooper .

C．Jenny Joseph .

D．Joe Heywood .

48．Women join the Red Hat Society because          .

       A．they want to stay young                     

       B．they would like to appear more attractive

       C．they would like to have fun and live for themselves

       D．they want to be more like their parents

 (05·全国ⅠB篇)

 MONTREAL (Reuters) – Crossing the US-Canada border(边界)to go to church on a Sunday cost a US citizen ＄10,000 for breaking Washington’s strict new security(安全)rules.
 The expensive trip to church was a surprise for Richard Albert, who lives right on the

Canadian border. Like the other half-dozen people of Township 15, crossing the border is a daily occurrence for Albert. The nearby Quebec village of St. Pamphile is where they shop, eat and go to church.
    There are many such situations in these areas along the largely unguarded 5,530-mile border between Canada and the US-which in some cases actually runs down the middle of streets or through buildings.
    As a result, Albert says he did not expect any problems three weeks ago when he returned home to the US after attending church in Canada, as usual. The US customs(海关)station in this area is closed on Sundays, so he just drove around the locked gate, as he had done every weekend since the gate appeared last May, following a tightening of border security. Two days later. Albert was told to go to the customs office, where an officer told him he had been caught on carnera crossing the border illegally(非法).
    Ottawa has given out special passes to some 300 US citizens in that area so they can enter the country when Canadian customs stations are closed, but the US stopped a similar program last May. That forces the people to a 200-mile detour along hilly roads to get home tountry whrough another border checkpoint.
    Albert has requested that the customs office change their decisions on the fine, but he has not attended a Sunday church since. “I feel like I’m living in a prison,” he said.
59. We learn from the text that Richard Albert is ______.
A. an American living in Township 15
B. a Canadixacan living in a Quebec village
C. a Canadian working in a customs station
D. an American working in a Canadian church
60. Albert was fined because he ______.
A. failed to obey traffic rules
B. broke the American security rules
C. worked in St. Pamphile without a pass
D. damaged the gate of the customs office
61. The underlined word “detour” in paragraph 5 means  ______.
A. a drive through the town
B. a race across the fields
C. a roundabout way of traveling
D. a journey in the mountain area
62. What would be the best title for the text?
A. A Cross-country Trip
B. A Special Border Pass
C. An Unguarded Border
D. An Expensive Church Visit

 (06·陕西B卷A篇)

For centuries,the only form of written correspondence (通信)was the letters were,and are,sent by some form of postal service,the history of which goes back a long way .indeed,the egyptians began sending letters from about 2000 BC,as did the Chinese a thousand years later.

   Of course,modern postal service now are march more developed and faster.depending as they do on cars and planes fore delivery.Yet they are stell too slow for some people to send urgent documents (紧急文件)and letters.

   The invention of the fax (传真) machine increased the speed of delivering documents even more.When you send a fax you are sending a copy of a piece of correspondence to someone by telephone service.It was not until the early 1980s that such a service was developed enough for bussinesses to be able to fax documents to each other.

   The fax service is still very much in use when copies of documents require to be sent ,but,as a way of fast correspondence,it has been largely taken the place of by email ,Email is used to describe messages sent form one computer user to another.

   There are advantages and disadvantages with emails.ifyou send some one an email ,then he will receive it extremely quickly .Normal postal services are rather slow as far as speed of delivery is concerned.

However,if you write something by email,which you might later regret ,and send it immediately,there is no chance for second thoughts.at least,if you are have to address and seal(封)the envelope and take it to the post box..there is plenty of time to change your mind .The message is think before you email!

41.We can learn from the tex that__________.

A.      email is less popular than the fax service   

B.      the postal service has over the years become faster

C.      the postal service has over the years become slower

D.     the fax service has a history as long as the postal service does

42.It can be inferred from the text that_________.

A.        the fax service had been fully developed by the 1980s

B.         letters have been used in China for about 1,000 years

C.        the fax machine was invented after the 1980s

D.        letters have been used in Egypt for about 2,000 years

43.In the last paragraph,the wrin intentings think before you email”to show then________.

A.you may regret if you than’t your envelope

B.you may regre l before you send something by email

C.you’d better  not send your email in a hurry

D.you regrse before you on time to send an email

44.The text madtry deal with_________.

A.the  progress in correspondence

B.the advantage of fax machines

C.the advantage of emails

D.the invention of fas machines

 (06·四川C篇)

Juanito Estrella has been a housekeeping manager on the US-based large passenger ship Carnival Spirit for 18 months and feels he  has found the suitable position in his career(职业).He has always wanted to travel. “I guess I am a really restless spirit. I Iike traveling, so when the chance came, I jumped at it,” he says.

  The chance came in the form of a newspaper advertisement for work on cruise ships（游船）.At the time Estrella was the housekeeping manager at a Melbourne hotel. He applied and, after two interviews, a medical check and police clearance, the job was his.

  Estrella is responsible(负责的)for the cleanliness of the ship, making sure that 160 crew work properly. “I enjoy it because there is no other work-you wake up each day in a different place and a different cnlture. It’s exciting when you go to the next country and you don’t understand the language,” he says.
      Estrella likes being busy and getting to know people from all over the world. The 1,000 crew come from 94 countries, and Estrella has learnt Spanish and a little Croatian.

  But there is a downside .“You cannot get really drunk...because you have safety responsibilities to yourself and others,” he says. “You don’t really think about home. You start tothink about home only when you get closer to your vacation and wonder what you’ll be doing.”

  Life on the ship is anything but cruising.Estrella and his fellows work at least 10 hours a day, seven days a week. He warns the job is not for everybody. “You have to love being busy and be prepared to work every day-and to give up drinking too much alcohol.” In his spare time, if the ship sails into a port, Estrella explores it, otherwise he works out in the crew’s gym, goes on the internet or calls home.

63.What do we know about Estrella?

     A. He is very fond of traveling.

     B. He doesn’t drink wine now.

     C. He cannot speak a foreign language.

     D. He used to be a housekeeping manager.

64.The underlined word “downside” in paragraph 5 probably means              .

     A. disappointment       B. disadvantage         C. failure                  D. loss

65.Which of the following is true?

     A. Estrella doesn’t often feel homesick because of his work.

     B. The work on the ship is not suitable for a married person.

     C. Estrella can find no other job except the one on the ship.

     D. The people on the ship are from 94 countries.

66.In the last paragraph. the writer thinks that life on the ship is               .

     A. not a tiring journey at all                         

B. just an interesting voyage

C. far from a voyage for pleasure                

D. more than a pleasant travel by sea

 (06·福建D篇)

There are two main forms of teaching in Notinghain University: seminar (研讨会)and lecture. They are very different from the sort of teaching most often used in schools and colleges.
     In seminars you will be taught will discussion focusing on a text or topic set in advance in a friendly and informal atmosphere. The purpose is to provide an opportunity to try out new ideas and to think through difficulties with fellow. Learners. Students develop friendships through groups, as well as learning more about other people’s ideas. You can also know your tutors as an individual rather than a face at the end of the room.
     Lectures are the most formal. There may be over a hundred in the audience and the lecture will last about fifty minutes. The value of the lecture is that it can present to a large number of people information which is not readily available in books, that it can give you an opportunity to hear a specialist develop a coherent(有条理的)argument, and that it can show visual material to a wide audience.
     Your typical week’s a work will feel strange after school or college since there are fewer timetabled teaching hours. Each week in the first year you may attend about six lectures and four to six seminars or tutorials(辅导). For the rest of the time you are working on your own, doing the necessary reading in preparation for tutorials or writing seminar papers. When writing an essay or carrying out project work, you can often discuss with your about the title and topic.
68. The purpose of the passage is_______.
   A. to introduce two main forms of teaching   

B. to persuade you to try out new ideas
   C. to stress the importance of discussion      

D. to make you believe that seminar is more helpful
69.One of the values of the lecture is______.
   A. to make friends through groups
   B. to learn more about other people’s ideas

C. to offer a chance to discuss with a specialist
D. to present to students information not found in books

70.Your typical week’s work in the university will feel strange because______.

A. you may have no project work after class
B. you may give lectures and seminars
C. you may have fewer timetabled teaching hours
D. you may write seminar papers with fellow-learners

71.We can learn from the passage that__________.
A. seminar is better than lecture
B. lecture is better than seminar
C. seminar is more formal than lecture
D. lecture is more formal than seminar

 (06·江苏D篇)

In a recently published book , I came across some exercises with interesting names such as fishbone diagrams , lotusflowers  and clustering . As I used these exercises in my classes , I noticed that students were interested . They said more and wrote more . They enjoyed expressing their ideas and sharing them in groups .They were no longer passively waiting for the bell, but actively took part in the lesson . I find that creativity （创新）can act as a way to increase participation and improve fluency (流利程度).

Creativity has become a popular word in recent years . Scholars in the arts ,psychology (心理学), business , education , and science are all working to get a deeper understanding of it . Robert J. Sternberg is a creativity specialist and Yale professor of psychology . He defines creativity as “the ability to produce work that is both new (original )and appropriate (applicable to the situation )”. This definition is useful, as we want our students to use language in a new way , and to use it correctly and properly . Most scholars say there are two types of creativity : big “C” creativity and small “c” creativity. Big “C” creativity refers to genius level thinking that results in artistic masterpieces and scientific breakthroughs . Small “c” creativity refers to everyday level thinking that can be used in any situation . Our emphasis is on the latter . While it goes without saying that any of our students could go on to be the next Picasso or Edison , our aim is to help students produce more ideas and use language in new ways .

68．The underlined words “waiting for the bell” in the first paragraph probably mean        .

       A．longing for a phone call                        B．hoping to have a bell

       C．expecting the end of the class               D．wanting to speak in class

69．It can be inferred from the passage that the author thought the exercises in the book were    .

       A．popular               B．useful                  C．scientific            D．creative

70．When you use a very familiar word in a new way , you are        .

       A．creative in the sense of big “C” creativity

       B．creative in the sense of small “C” creativity

       C．not creative in the sense of big “C” creativity

       D．not creative in the sense of small “C” creativity

71．The main purpose of the passage is to        .

       A．show how useful the book is                B．explain what creativity is

       C．discuss how one can be creative           D．tell what reaching aims at

 (06·重庆E篇)

The flag, the most common symbol（象征）of a nation in the modern world, is also one of the most ancient. With a clear symbolic meaning. the flag in the traditional form is still used today to mark buildings, ships and other vehicles related to a country.

The national flag as we know it today is in no way a primitive（原始的）artifact. It is , rather, the product of thousands of years’ development. Historians believe that it had two major ancestors, of which the earlier served to show wind direction.

Early human beings used very fragile houses and boats. Often strong winds would tear roofs from houses or cause high waves that endangered travelers. People’s food supplies were similarly vulnerable. Even after they had learned how to plant grains, they still needed help from nature to ensure good harvests. Therefore they feared and depended on the power of the wind, which could bring warmth from one direction and cold from another.

Using a simple piece of cloth tied to the top of a post to tell the direction of the wind was more dependable than earlier methods, such as watching the rising of smoke from a fire. The connection of the flag with heavenly power was  therefore reasonable. Early human societies began to fix long pieces of cloth to the tops of totems(图腾) before carrying them into battle. They believed that the power of the wind would be added to the good wishes of the gods and ancestors represented by the totems themselves.

These flags developed very slowly into modern flags. The first known flag of a nation or a ruler was unmarked: The king of China around 1000 B.C. was known to have a white flag carried ahead of him. This practice might have been learned from Egyptians even further in the past, but it was from China that it spread over trade routs through India, then across Arab lands, and finally to Europe, where it met up with the other ancestor of the national flag.

71．The best title for the passage would be             .

       A．Development of the National Flag.

       B．Power of the National Flag.

       C．Types of  Flags

       D．Uses of Flags

72．The underlined word “vulnerable” in Paragraph 3 means              .

       A．impossible to make sure of

       B．likely to be protected

       C．easy to damage

       D．difficult to find

73．The earliest flags were connected with heavenly power because              .

       A．they could tell wind direction

       B．they could bring good luck to fighters

       C．they were handed down by the ancestors

       D．they were believed to stand for natural forces

74．What does the author know of the first national flag?

       A．He knows when it was sent to Europe.

       B．He believes it was made in Egypt.

       C．He thinks it came from China.

       D．He doubts where it started.

75．What will the author most probably talk about next?

       A．The role of China in the spread of the national flag.

       B．The second ancestor of the national flag

       C．The use of modern flags in Europe.

D．The importance of modern flags.

 (07·陕西C篇)

When former American President Bill Clinton traveled to South Korea to visit President Kim Young Sam, be rcpeatedly referred to the Korean president’s wife as Mrs. Kim. By mistake, Prcsident Chnton’s advisers thought that Koreans have the same naming customs as the Japanese. Clinton had not been told that, in Korea, wives keep their family names. President Kim Young Sam’s wife was named Sohm Myong Suk.Thercfore, she should be addressed (称谓)as Mrs. Sohn.

       President Cuntot arrived in Korea directly after leaving Japan and had not changed his culture gears. His failare to follow Korean customs gave the imprassion that Korea was not as important to him as Japan.

       In addition to Koreans. Some Asian husbands and wives do not share the same family names. This practice often puzzles(使困惑) English-speaking teachers when talking with a pupil’s parents. They become puzzled about the student’s correct last name. Placing the family name first is common among a number of Asian cultures.

       Mexican naming customs are different as well. When a woman marries,she keeps her family name and adds her husband’s name after the word de (of). This affects (影响)how they fill in forms in the United States. When requested to fill in a middle name, they generally write the father’s family name. But Mexicans are addressed by the family name of the mother. This often causes puzziement.

       Here are a few ways to deal with such difficult situations:don’t always think that a married woman uses her husband’s last name. Remember that in may Asian cultures,the order of first and last names is reversed (颠倒),Ask which name a person would prefer to use. If the name is difficult to pronounce,admit it, and ask the person to help you say it conectiy.

49.The story of Bill Clinton is used to        .                                           

       A.improve US Kotean relations

       B.introduce the topic of the text

       C.describe his visit to Korea

       D.tell us how to address a person

50.The word “gears”in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to      .                  

       A.action plans        B.naming customs  C.travel maps  D.thinking patterns

51.When a woman marries in Kores, she       .                                                      

       A.continues to use her family name

B.uses her husband’s given name

C.shares her busband’s family name

D.adds her husband’s given name to hers

52.To address a married woman properly, you’d better        .                          

       A.are her middle name                        B.use her husband’s first name

       C.ask her which name she likes           D.change the order of her names