"The sea is the common possession of all nations. It belongs equally to all. No one can take it entirely to themselves; nor is it 'foreign' to anyone."

This was the decision of John Marshall, chief justice of the United States from 1801 to 1835. It was made known as a basic rule of the sea that no one, and therefore everyone, owns the ocean. This means that outside territorial waters (the waters within three miles of a country's coast), the law is whatever nations agree on in peacetime and whatever the strongest navy powers can enforce in wartime.

After the United States bought Alaska, Americans began to seize Canadians who were hunting seals outside Alaska territorial waters. The Americans said that the seals were American possession because they often came into the Alaskan shores owned by the United States. International judges disagreed with this reasoning. In some cases, however, the special rights of a nation that makes good use of an open-sea area are recognized.

All of the sea's rules are set up by international conferences and agreements.

5. The basic rule of the sea means that _________.

A. any powerful nation may control the sea

B. any area of the sea belongs to the nation closest to it

C. no one has whole rights to the open sea

D. no nation has any sea rights

6. International judges decided that _________.

A. Canada had no sealing rights off Alaska

B. the Canadians could hunt the seals

C. the United States could own the seals

D. the Americans could not hunt the seals

7. Nations may obtain special rights on open waters by_________ .

A. overrunning those waters B. guarding the waters C. using the waters regularly D. spreading out their territorial waters

8. The main idea of this passage is that _________.

A. the rule of the sea was made known by John Marshall

B. some nations are able to acquire special open-sea rights

C. every nation owns its territorial waters

D. the laws of the sea should be set up by international agreements

The average person learns most of the 30,000-40,000 words whose meaning he or she recognizes by learning or reading them in context or simply absorbing them without conscious effort. The best way to a good vocabulary, therefore, is to read a great deal and to participate(参加) in a lot of good talks. There are relatively few words that we learn permanently(永久地) by purposefully referring to dictionaries or keeping words list. However, even those extra few are of value, and no one will make a mistake by working on developing a large vocabulary. Here are some suggestions of how to do that.

Read plenty of good books. When you come across a new word, or a new meaning of an old word, stop and see if you can understand it from its context. If you do not, and if you can manage it without interrupting the thought of the book too much, look it up in a dictionary or ask somebody and then repeat its meaning to yourself a couple of times. If you are really conscientious(认真的), write the word and its meaning in a personal vocabulary list-preferably using it in a sentence. Go over the list from time to time. Further, try to use a new word in writing or conversation a few times over the next several days.

Listen to good talks and be alert(留心) to new words you hear or to new meanings of words you have already known. Then treat them just as you do with new words you read. Pay attention to parts of words, prefixes(前缀), suffixes(后缀), and roots. Knowing them enables you to make intelligent guesses about the meanings of words. If you are studying a foreign language, be alert for words in that language which relate to words in English. English has inherited or borrowed much of its vocabulary of 5,000,000-6,000,000 words from Latin, Greek, French, and German.

1. The passage is most probably written for _________ .

A. children B. the old C. people with poor vocabulary D. the common reader

2. English has borrowed much of its vocabulary of 5, 000,000-6, 000, 000 words from other languages except ______ according to the passage.

A. Latin B. Greek C. Tibetan D. French

3. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. We learn much of our vocabulary without conscious effort.

B. Keeping a vocabulary list is a good way to enlarge one's vocabulary.

C. Listening to people talking is of little help to one's vocabulary building.

D. All the suggestions given also apply to foreign language study.

4. The best title for the passage would be _________ .

A. Vocabulary Building B. Language Study C. Conscious Reading D. Attentive Reading

Jerry was 15 when I was only 10, but the fact that he was so much older than I seemed to make no __1__ to him. We took long walks together, on which he would tell stories he had __2__ from TV and radio programs. I suppose he changed the plots(情节) a lot and added twists of__3__own, but he knew what would__4__the lively imagination of a 10-year-old. Jerry never seemed to __5__ giving me so much of his time and __6__ he had many old friends, he always made me feel that I was his __7__ one. He taught me all I still know about birds and flowers; he came over to read to me every day when I had to stay home for weeks with my leg broken. I __8__ came to feel Jerry meant more to me than either my father or mother did, and began to look up to (仰慕) him as I would have to a god.

However, __9__months rolled by, a change came in our relationship. Jerry

__10__stopped coming to my house and every time I went to his or telephoned him, he put me off with some __11__ such as he was studying. I __12__ him with a girl once __13__ a while and several times saw him going out in his family's car on weekends. I __14__ couldn't understand __15__ was so great about girls, parties and big social affairs.

hat I could understand was my __16__ when he finally made me know that our closeness as friends was at an end. __17__ he didn't really mean to hurt me, but it was a long time before I realized it was __18__ problem that caused the break. There's a world of difference between the attitudes and interests of a teenager and a 12-year-old. __19__ I'm over 16 myself, I realize this and the hurt I felt then has __20__ way to happy memories of the good times we once had together.

1. A. good B. difference C. sense D. way

2. A. picked up B. given up C. got up D. kept up

3. A. my B. our C. his D. their

4. A. form B. attract C. give D. send

5. A. mind B. enjoy C. practise D. remember

6. A. because B. since C. once D. although

7. A. different B. special C. new D. ordinary

8. A. gradually B. immediately C. continually D. hurriedly

9. A. when B. while C. with D. as

10. A. seldom B. almost C. sometime D. usually

11. A. excuse B. reasons C. problems D. businesses

12. A. realized B. noticed C. refused D. understood

13. A. after B. for C. in D. upon

14. A. hardly B. justly C. simply D. bitterly

15. A. who B. which C. how D. what

16. A. position B. pleasure C. hurt D. friendship

17. A. Therefore B. So C. Moreover D. Of course

18. A. an important B. an age C. a great D. a different

19. A. Now that B. As though C. The moment D. Even if

20. A. taken B. passed C. given D. exchanged

We've all had the experience of running into an old friend-someone of our own age-who looks 10 to 15 years younger than he / she really is. While we admire our friend's apparent (外表上的)lack of aging, we can't help but think that he / she is "doing something", like having a few "nips and tucks" to avoid outward signs of aging. In some cases, that may be true. Cosmetic surgery (整容手术)is a choice that many people choose to help them regain or maintain a youthful appearance. What about those people who don't visit a plastic surgeon (整形外科医生)? How is it that they can look 10 to 15 years younger than they really are?

The answer to that question can be found in some little-known natural "anti-aging" secrets used by many top models and actors. These people have found that certain factors, such as diet, weight, exercise, exposure to sunlight, stress, and bad habits can have an important effect on the aging process. The good news is that you can also use these secrets to wipe years off your appearance. These anti-aging secrets all involve common sense changes in lifestyle and habits. They're safe, simple and inexpensive. Best of all, used properly, they can work for you and help you look years younger than your real age.

Here are 6 little-known "antiaging" secrets that can help you look younger.

1. Get plenty of vitamins A and C in your diet.

2. Exercise for total fitness.

3. Get out of the sun.

4. Kick the habit of smoking.

5. Say no to alcohol (酒精) and drug abuse.

6. Relax.

9. The "anti-aging" secrets given in the passage benefit ________.

A. people who don't visit a plastic surgeon

B. top models and actors

C. people who want to maintain a youthful appearance

D. elders

10. What does "Get out of the sun" in the passage probably mean?

A. Protect your skin by using a sunscreen, a hat or light clothing.

B. Don't work in the sun.

C. Avoid overexposure to the sun.

D. Stay at home when it is sunny.

Prepare: Plan ahead and think about what you are going to say. In the words of Mark Twain, it usually takes you more than three weeks to prepare for it.

Know your subject: Always make sure that you know the subject and have background information at hand for question time.

Know your audience: Find out who you will be addressing so that you can tailor your comments accordingly.

Make a point: Keep your speech short and brief and have a few clear points that you need to convey(传达).

Practice: Never learn your speech by heart as your delivery will become stilted, but do practise it a few times in front of the mirror, your parents or your dog.

Eye contact: If the thought of looking into a sea of faces scares you, adjust(调整) your gaze regularly at different points in the room to create the same effect.

First impression: Your first impression is important when making a public presentation. Find out about dress codes at the place so that you look your best and, if possible, check the microphone beforehand to ensure you know how to use it.

Get help: If public presentations are a major part of your life, read up on the art of speech-writing and delivery to improve your skills.

5. The advice benefits ________.

A. teachers B. actors C. speechmakers D. spokesmen

6. Knowing your subject helps you ________.

A. make a perfect speech

B. give better answers when asked questions about the subject

C. keep a clear head

D. attract people's attention

7. Asked for more advice, you may suggest ________.

A. various tones and body language

B. proper clothes

C. eye contact with the audience to

D. more practice

8. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. It took more than four weeks to prepare for it before Mark Twain could make perfect speeches.

B. You'd better practise your speech a few times before presenting it.

C. Journalists during an interview require the same way to that needed for workmates at an in-house gathering.

D. Your first impression is unimportant when making a public presentation.

Everywhere you go, you will always find "the white-haired boy", sometimes called "the fair haired boy". He gets special treatment, as if he were above everybody else. You will find him in school, in college, at home, or where you work.

In school, he is the teacher's pet, her darling who can do nothing wrong. Sometimes she lets him do little jobs for her. He comes to class in the morning, all shiny and clean. He is always raising his hand, ready with an answer to the teacher's questions. He knows all the answers. He "gets into your hair", especially if you are at the bottom of the class and the teacher thinks you are stupid. How you hate the white-haired boy!In college, he walks-more often strides-across the school grounds as if he owned them. Sometimes he wears a colorful football or basketball shirt or sweater, with a bright red, or green or yellow college letter proudly worn on the front of it-as a big B, for Bullfinch University. What broad shoulders, what muscles he has! He makes the girls happy by just smiling at them. He has the mark of success on him.

At home, "the fair-haired boy" is his mother's choice, her favorite. Sometimes, he is the oldest son-at times, the youngest. If you are in between, you are out of luck.

On the job, you might meet another of these "white-haired boys"; you cannot escape them. For some strange reason, he is the man who always moves ahead. He gets better and better jobs, with more and more money. You, however, stand still, wondering why, and trying to explain to yourself why you hate him so much. Then, you discover that there are others who share your feelings. One of them asks, "What does he have that I haven't got?" You ask yourself the same question. Finally, there comes a day when you decide to stop hating him. Is it perhaps because he has been made boss and you find yourself working for him?

1. From the passage we can know that"the white-haired boy" refers to ________.

A. a child who is Mother's favorite

B. a student who is always the best

C. a pet who is hated by everybody

D. a person who is lucky all the time

2. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 mean?

A. He sets a shining example to you.

B. He makes you a little angry.

C. He cuts your hair too short.

D. He does up your hair.

3. In the author's opinion, the reason why you finally stop hating the white-haired boy is that ________.

A. you have no choice but to face the fact

B. you decide to try your best to be better than him

C. you have been made boss by him

D. you are beginning to admire him

4. Which of the following statements is the best title for the passage?

A. Try to Be Attractive

B. Let Your Hair Down

C. The White-haired Boy

D. The Top Student

It was our second day in Tokyo. And we were　 1　　in the large underground station and didn't know which train to take to get back to our hotel. My friend, Haima, and I stood　　2　 the faces of the Japanese walking　　3　 us in the busy station. We finally zeroed in on a young girl who looked 　 4　 . Though she stopped, it was　　5　 she could not understand a word of English.

Seeing our faces fall in　　6　 , she expressed herself by gestures, asking us to wait. We watched curiously as she stopped several people and talked with them in Japanese　　7　 she found one who could speak and understand English. This person asked us in poor English　　8　 we wanted to go and then spoke in rapid-fire Japanese to the girl.

She was　　9 　 her head and saying "Hai! Hai!". He moved on after telling us we were in the wrong station. The girl,　 10 　 stayed back, she also　　11 　 us all the way to the right station,just a few minutes　 12 　, but completely out of her way. Thanking her for her　 13　 , we rushed off to buy　　14　 .

I have never seen　 15 　 who goes out of their way to help a lost person in Delhi, usually just　 16 　 to give directions and moving on. Little did we realize　　17 　 there were going to be many more such　　18　 in the following days that would totally stand on the head our preconceived(先前的) ideas about the Japanese.

However, by the end of this　　19 　, few of my old opinions about the Japanese being poker-faced, serious,　　20 　, formal and so on existed.

1. A. found B. lost C. staying D. walking

2. A. learning B. enjoying

C. appreciating D. examining

3. A. through B. among C. past D. with

4. A. comrade B. friend C. at D. friendly

5. A. obvious B. unlucky C. possible D. impossible

6. A. fun B. surprise C. disappointment D. silence

7. A. until B. unless C. where D. because

8. A. why B. how C. whether D. where

9. A. shaking B. nodding C. moving D. touching

10. A. not B. not only C. hardly D. only

11. A. asked B. brought C. took D. drew

12. A. away B. ago C. later D. before

13. A. supply B. support C. service D. kindness

14. A. things B. presents C. tickets D. maps

15. A. nobody B. anyone C. who D. whoever

16. A. refusing B. refuse C. stopping D. lifting

17. A. that B. if C. which D. since

18. A. girls B. boys C. accidents D. incidents

19. A. week B. story C. article D. trip

20. A. kind-hearted B. easy-going C. cold D. energetic

Human activity has influenced not only the environment we live in, but also some parts of the world no one has been to. Increased levels of carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) in the atmosphere produced by forest burning, automobiles and industry has led to rapid changes in untouched areas of South America's Amazonian rainforest.

The latest results of a study carried out by US and Brazilian scientists show that carbon dioxide levels have risen by 30 per cent in the last 200 years. The gas is used in photosynthesis (光合作用), the

process by which organisms (生物体)change sunlight into energy.

The higher level of carbon dioxide is causing some trees in the Amazonian rainforest to grow faster and die sooner. As a result, certain plants and animals could disappear.

"Tropical rainforests are famous for having lots of special species (种类)," said William Laurance, leader of the research team. "If you change the tree types, then other species particularly animals that feed on the trees, will change as well."

With certain trees growing faster and dying sooner, the plants that live in their shadows are also threatened. Alexandre Oliveira, another member of the research team, explained, "Large, fast growing trees are winning at the expense of smaller trees that live lower down."

The team has spent the last 20 years following the life patterns (模式) of 14,000 trees spread across an area of 190 square kilometers. They have found that the people responsible for the death of the rainforests are not just hunters and those who cut down trees. Something as innocent(清白的) as driving the car to the shops instead of walking can also cause damage.

7. What does harm to our environment according to the passage?

A. Dying animals.B. Human activity.C. Chemical plants.D. Burning houses.

8. The reason for South America's Amazonian rainforest to grow faster and die sooner is________.

A. that levels of carbon dioxide haverisen

B. that people burn plenty of rainforests freely

C. that the gas can change sunlight into energy

D. that tropical weather changes from time to time

9. The passage is most probably________.

A. government news

B. a wild experiment

C. a geography book

D. an experimental report

10. From the passage we can infer that ________.

A. those who go camping in forests shouldn't be responsible

B. innocent people should drive cars into rainforests

C. those who cut down trees will be punished

D. people who cut down trees should plant more trees

An ancient Egyptian mummy(木乃伊) returned home last month 150 years after being stolen by a Canadian doctor. The mummy is believed to be Ramses I, the founder of the 19th Dynasty of ancient Egypt. It was stolen in the 19th century, at the time when many explorers from Europe and America wanted to find the mummified bodies of Pharaohs (法老). They had heard stories of the Pharaohs being buried with treasures of great artistic, scientific and financial value.

But when King Tut was discovered in 1922 in Egypt they realized the Pharaohs might have been buried with something else as well as curses. As soon as Englishman Howard Carter found King Tut's tomb, strange things started to happen. On the night of the discovery, Carter's canary (金丝雀) was killed by a snake. It was the same kind of snake found on a symbol worn by the Pharaohs on their foreheads.

A few months later, Lord Carnarvon, the man who paid for Carter's trip, died suddenly in Cairo of unknown causes. By 1935, no fewer than 21 people connected with the discovery of the tomb had died.

4. What was stolen in the 19th century according to the passage?

A. Carter's canary.B. Egyptian treasures.C. An ancient mummy.D. Bodies of animals.

5. The underlined word "curses" in paragraph 2 means________.

A. 护身符 B. 标记C. 咒语 D. 财宝

6. What soon happened with the discovery of the tomb of King Tut?

A. About 21 people died of unknown causes.

B. Carter's canary was killed by a snake.

C. The same kind of snake appeared on King Tut's forehead

D. Carter's owner suddenly died in Cairo, Egypt.

In Kansas at the turn of the century, Edwin and Amy Earhart doted on(溺爱) their active daughters, Amelia and Muriel. Edwin gave the girls footballs and rifles, while Amy shocked the community by dressing them in gym suits instead of skirts. Edwin's job caused the family to move from town to town, and the girls' interest in rough sports and shooting rats raised eyebrows wherever they went.

Amelia's parents did not pressure her to reform as she grew older, even when she dabbled in(涉猎) the domains(领域) of science and automobile mechanics. But in 1920, when she went aloft at an air show and returned home determined to learn how to fly, even her liberal(宽容的) parents hesitated. They soon gave in, however, and within months Amelia was flying a Kinner Airster her mother helped her buy.

1. According to the passage, which of the following items is given to Amelia and Muriel by Edwin ?

A. An airplane. B. Footballs.C. A piano D. Gym suits.

2. It may be inferred from the passage that it was LEAST common for girls to ________.

A. wear skirtsB. have doting parentsC. move from town to townD. play with rifles

3. In what way did Amelia's mother help Amelia in her career?

A. By helping her to buy a plane.B. By taking her to an air show.C. By pressuring her to become a pilot.D. By giving her flying lessons.