In history,a real cowboy was a simple farm worker on horseback．He spent a long time a day outdoors working with cows．The work was dirty,tiring and not very well paid．

       People in the western states had to __1__ cattle at low cost and send them by railway to the eastern __2__．But someone had to __3__ the cattle and get them to the nearest railroad．This was the job of a cowboy．Sometimes the __4__ was more than a thousand kilometers away and it could take as __5__ as six months to move the cattle．The __6__ was long but the cattle were driven __7__ as not to lose __8__．Then they could be sold at a good price．

       Most cowboys were young, __9__ men．A good horse _10__ their job of moving cattle much easier．A good cowboy __11__ cows and knew how to control them．At night,he __12__ to the cows to keep them calm．

       In the late 1800s,America was changing from a nation of farm to one of __13__ and cities．The cowboy seemed __14__ compared with other Americans doing ordinary jobs．

       Today,the __15__ of cowboys has __16__ greatly．One change is the use of trucks．The job is not so hard __17__ it used to be．And cowboys are better __18__ now．They are _19__ to be married．Some of them are farmers or teachers or truck drivers．Some work for big companies．

       __20__ at night and on weekends,they become cowboys．These part-time cowboys increase the total production of meat,keeping the beef price low．

1.A．get                          B．buy                     C．sell                     D．raise

2.A．markets                   B．countries             C．cities                   D．stories

3.A．deal with                 B．find out               C．look after            D．pay off

4.A．road                        B．railroad                C．state                   D．farm

5.A．good                       B．much                  C．long                    D．far

6.A．journey                    B．trip                     C．tour                    D．travel

7.A．hurriedly                  B．smoothly             C．slowly                 D．carefully

8.A．mind                       B．direction              C．head                   D．weight

9.A．unmarried                B．proud                  C．strong                 D．educated

10.A．had                       B．made                   C．found                  D．helped

11.A．recognized             B．understood          C．owned                D．kept

12.A．whispered              B．shouted               C．cried                   D．sang

13.A．towns                    B．factories              C．companies           D．villages

14.A．free                       B．brave                  C．easy                    D．pleased

15.A．manner                  B．job                      C．life                      D．mind

16.A．changed                 B．developed            C．improved             D．realized

17.A．that                       B．as                       C．which                 D．what

18.A．known                   B．paid                    C．treated                D．dressed

19.A．afraid                    B．eager                   C．worried               D．likely

20.A．Because                 B．And                    C．When                  D．But

       For many in the United States,Arab-Americans are an invisible part of the population．Though Arab-Americans as a community have made great contributions to American society in fields from literature to politics to medicine,many Americans know very little about Americans of Arab backgrounds．

       Arab history in the United States goes back to the late 1800’s when large numbers of Arab immigrants first began making their journey to a land known simply as“Amreeka”．

       Historians generally describe Arab immigration to America in two waves．The first wave took place between 1860 and 1924．The first wave consisted of Lebanese and Syrian,and some Egyptian immigrants．These new immigrants,who were mostly Christian,came to America in search of better opportunities．Even the doomed Titanic,which set sail for America in 1912,had close to a hundred Arab passengers aboard．The majority of Arab-Americans today are descendents of the first wave of immigrants;they are the third or more generation Americans．

       The second wave of immigrants followed after World War Ⅱ,caused by political unrest in the Middle East．This second wave of immigrants consists of mainly Arab Muslims（穆斯林）and continues to this day．

       Arab-Americans make up 3 million of the population in the United States,according to demographers．And quite different from popular belief,64 percent of them are American-born．Eighty-two percent of Arab-Americans are US citizens．

       Arab-Americans are beyond the national average in both education and income．Education is important among Arab-Americans;82 percent have high school diplomas,36 percent have bachelor’s degrees or higher,and 15 percent have graduate degrees．The-median（中位数的） average income among Arab-Americans is $39 580,which is higher than the US average．

1.What would be the best title for the text?

       A．Arabs in America．                                                                                                      B．The Two Arab Immigration Waves to America．

       C．Arab-Americans,Contributions to America．

       D．Arab-Americans,Education and Income．

2.The first wave of immigrants took place because______．

       A．all Arabs were Christian at that time                                                               

       B．Arabs wanted to hunt for a better development

       C．the Second World War broke out                                                                         

       D．Arabs wanted to gain higher income

3.The writer of this passage mentioned Titanic______．

       A．to tell us that taking ship at that time was dangerous

       B．because Titanic became a well-known disaster

       C．to show us there were many Arabs flocking into America at that time

       D．to inform us that Arabs are brave enough

4.From the last paragraph we can infer that______．

       A．Arab-Americans are much more clever than native Americans

       B．Arab-Americans are hard-working people

       C．the higher education you receive,the higher income you will get in America

       D．Arab-Americans play the most important role in the American average in both education and income

       The use of the word imitation（模仿） reminds me that we ought to make some more comments on the risk of people imitating what they see on the screen in the way of crime（犯罪） or violence．First there was always a risk of children acting out scenes which could be dangerous．For example,I remember a woman who was head of a middle school telling me that she had happened to look out of her window when the children were on the playground and had seen them putting a small boy on a chair with a rope round his neck and the rope over the branch of a tree;fortunately she was in time to get there before the child was hanged．I remember a film in particular in which the hero who was imprisoned had escaped by electrocuting（通电触死） his guard,the technique of doing this being shown in detail．This was the kind of scene which we could cut for these reasons．

       In films for young people and adults we always tried to keep off the screen the details of criminal techniques,such as how to open a locked door with a piece of hard plastic or how to open a safe;if we were consulted（请教） before production,I used to advise that the details should not be shown．When I gave talks in prisons about film checking I had full support for this,since fathers who were in prison for criminal offences did not want their children to get on crime．

       Every time I gave a talk in a prison someone used to mention the French film Rififi．made by Jules Dassin in 1954．This remarkable film showed in great detail a robbery of a jeweller’s shop,the robbery lasting about half an hour and being backed by only natural sound．．．one of the most brilliant film sequences（连续镜头） of all time．I remember our discussion at the time．We thought that the robbery was finished only with the use of advanced and obviously expensive equipment and that only the most experienced and skilled criminals could possibly imitate it;we believed therefore that it was relatively safe．When talking in prisons some years later I learned that there had been several robberies in which the techniques had been copied,so perhaps we were wrong．

1.The writer thinks that______．

       A．the details of the criminal technique should be kept

       B．the details of the crime should not be shown on the screen

       C．children should not imitate what they see on the screen

       D．it is dangerous to imitate what they see on the screen

2.What is the writer’s attitude（态度） towards the film in which the hero had escaped by electrocuting the guard?

       A．The writer likes it very much．                                 

       B．The writer is strongly against it．

       C．The writer thinks the film has some value．                       

       D．The writer does not show his/her attitude．

3.All the following statements about“Rififi”are true EXCEPT______．

       A．that the robbery shown needs experience and skills

       B．that some very good tools were used in the robbery

       C．that the film showed the technique in detail

       D．that the technique of the robbery was not imitated

4.It can be inferred from the passage that______．

       A．it is hard for children to tell the differences between real life and the imaginary

       B．only people in prison support film checking

       C．only children imitate what they have seen on the screen

       D．the writer used to advise the details of crime should be shown

       Disposing（处理）of waste has been a problem since humans started producing it．As more and more people choose to live close together in cities,the waste-disposal problem becomes increasingly difficult．

       During the eighteenth century,it was usual for several neighboring towns to get together to select a faraway spot as a dump site．Residents or trash haulers（垃圾拖运者）would transport household rubbish,rotted wood,and old possessions to the site．Periodically some of the trash was burned and the rest was buried．The unpleasant sights and smells caused no problem because nobody lived close by．

       Factories,mills,and other industrial sites also had waste to be disposed of．Those located on rivers often just dumped the unwanted remains into the water．Others built huge burners with chimneys to deal with the problem．

       Several facts make these choices unacceptable to modern society．The first problem is space Dumps,which are now called landfills,are most needed in heavily populated areas．Such areas rarely have empty land suitable for this purpose．Property is either too expensive or too close to residential neighborhoods．Long-distance trash hauling has been a common practice but once farm areas are refusing to accept rubbish from elsewhere,cheap land within trucking distance of major city areas is almost nonexistent．

       Awareness of pollution dangers has resulted in more strict rules of waste disposal．Pollution of rivers,ground water,land and air is a price people can no longer pay to get rid of waste．The amount of waste,however,continues to grow．

       Recycling efforts have become commonplace,and many towns require their people to take part．Even the most efficient recycling programs,however,can hope to deal with only about 50 percent of a city’s reusable waste．

1.The most suitable title for this passage would be ______．

       A．Places for Disposing Waste                   B．Waste Pollution Dangers

       C．Ways of Getting Rid of Waste              D．Waste Disposal Problem

2.During the 18th century,people disposed their waste in many ways EXCEPT for ______．

       A．burying it                                            B．recycling it       

       C．burning it                                            D．throwing it into rivers

3.What can be inferred from the fourth paragraph?

       A．Farm areas accept waste from the city in modern society．

       B．There is cheap land to bury waste in modern society．

       C．It is difficult to find space to bury waste in modern society．

       D．Ways to deal with waste in modern society stay the same．

4.The main purpose of writing this article is to ______．

       A．draw people’s attention to waste management

       B．warn people of the pollution dangers we are facing

       C．call on people to take part in recycling programs

       D．tell people a better way to get rid of the waste

       If women are mercilessly exploited（剥削） year after year, they have only themselves to blame．Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores．Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion．

       Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste．Many women spend large sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn．Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time changing their old-fashioned dresses．Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on．

       No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society．Fashion designers are rarely concerned with necessary things like warmth, comfort and durability （耐用）．They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right．There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or picking her way through deep snow in high heeled shoes．

       When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious．Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers．Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide．

1.Designers and big stores always make money_________．

       A．by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry

       B．because they are capable of predicting new fashions

       C．by constantly changing the fashions in women's clothing

       D．because they attach great importance to quality in women's clothing

2.To the writer, the fact that women change their old-fashioned dresses is seen as ___________．

       A．a waste of money                              

       B．a waste of time

       C．an expression of taste                       

       D．an expression of creativity

3.New fashions in clothing are created for ___________．

       A．the commercial exploitation of women                                                     

       B．the women's strength of character

       C．basic qualities of inconstancy and instability                                                 

       D．an important contribution to society

4.By saying "the conclusions to be drawn are obvious" （ Line One to Line Two, Paragraph Four）, the writer means that ___________．

       A．women's inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed at

       B．women are better able to put up with discomfort

       C．men are also exploited greatly by fashion designers

       D．men are more reasonable in the matter of fashion

       Japanese people,who never miss a chance to be photographed,were lining up to get their pictures on a postage stamp．Vanity（虚荣）stamps with personal photographs went on sale for the first time in Japan as part of an international postage stamp exhibition．The customer’s photo was taken with a digital camera and then printed on stamp sheets,a process that takes about five minutes．Sold in a sheet of 10 stamps for $8．80,little more than the cost of lunch in Tokyo,each stamp printed a different scene from a traditional painting along with the photo．

       The stamps can be used normally to mail a letter,and postal officials hope they will help encourage interest in letter writing in the Internet age．“Certainly e-mail is a useful method of communication,but letters are fun in a different way,”said Hatsumi Shimizu an official in the Post Ministry．“We want to show young people that letters can be fun too．”

       While similar stamp sheets appeared in Australia in 1999 and are now sold in some nations and territories,Japan’s fondness for commemorative photos is likely to make them especially popular here．Indeed,officials had prepared 1 000 sheets but they were sold out in less than 30 minutes．Although the stamps are currently only available as a special service during the exhibition,postal officials said they may start selling them on a regular basis in the future．

1.The best title of this passage might be______．

       A．Never Miss a Chance to be Photographed                        

       B．Your Own Face on a Postage Stamp

       C．First Japanese Postage Stamps with a Photo                      

       D．Letters are as Fun as E-mails

2.By saying“little more than the cost of lunch in Tokyo”,the author really means______．

       A．this service is not very expensive                                                                   

       B．the cost of this service is very high

       C．food in Tokyo is very dear                                                                        

       D．$8．80 is a very small amount of money

3.The purpose of this activity is______．

       A．to make the international postage stamp exhibition more interesting

       B．to make more stamps for normal use

       C．to draw interest in writing letters

       D．to satisfy Japan’s fondness of commemorative photos

4.Which of the following is true according to the passage?

       A．Japanese people like to take photos．

       B．This kind of stamps must be used to mail letters．

       C．Japanese people can get this kind of stamps easily after the stamp exhibition．

       D．This service is more popular in Japan than in other places．

W： Hi, Fred．Where have you been?

M： I’ve been to the l_____1._____ and borrowed some English books．What’s wrong?

W： I t____2.______ you’d been to the post office．Did you notice the money I left on the desk?

M： Yes, $10 altogether．But I didn’t know what it was f____3.___．

W： Didn’t you see the note I left you with the money?

M： Note? What note? I didn’t see any note．

W： R____4.______? That’s very strange．I left the money with a note saying I wanted you to go to the post office and get some e____5._______ and stamps for me．I also put the ink bottle on them in case they might not draw your a_____6.________．

M： I see now．Why can’t you go and get them y_____7.______? The post office is only about 30 minutes’ walk from here．We often walk there after supper．

W： Of course I know how far it is from school．I can’t go there myself because I’m very busy doing some chemistry e______8._________ in the lab．And what’s more, I have to p_____9.______ for my English exam．You know I f___10.______ the last one．If I can’t pass this time, a hard time will be waiting for me．

       某英语报社向中学生征集关于开展研究性学习的文章。 请你根据提示,用英语写一篇介绍你怎样进行研究性学习活动的短文。

       注意：1．文章必须包括上述的全部要点。

2．词数100左右；开头部分以经给出，不记入总词数。

       参考词汇：agricultural chemicals 农药

       Nowadays we are required to do research work apart from the lessons we learn in school．We are very interested in this kind of activity．________________________________________   

 I shall never forget those years _______ I lived on the farm with the farmers, _______ has a great effect on my life．

       A．when; who                                         B．that; which          C．which; that          D．when; which

 I’d appreciate ____ if you would like to teach me how to use the computer．

       A．that                B．it                   C．this                D．you