So long as teachers fail to distinguish(区别)between teaching and learning, they will continue to undertake to do for children that which only children can do for themselves．Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them．It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities about reading．Douglas insists that“reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the impossible”．

　　Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes．They differ in kind and function．The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise(设计)the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read．Teaching is also public activity．It can be seen and observed．

　　Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed language．Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny．

　　If teacher and learner roles are not interchangeable, what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the quest(探索)for knowledge?Smith has one principal rule for all teaching instructions．“Make learning to read easy, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children．”

　　When the roles of teacher and learner are seen for what they are, and when both teacher and learner fulfill them appropriately, then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is eliminated．Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of leaning to read by reading．

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阅读理解。

　　Many Americans are turning to Japan, they think, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers．However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find．In most Japanese preschools, surprisingly little emphasis is put on academic instruction．In one survey, 300 Japanese and 210 American preschool teachers, child development specialists, and parents were asked about various aspects of early childhood education．Only 2 percent of the Japanese respondents(答问卷者)listed“to give children a good start academically”as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools．In contrast, over half the American respondents chose this as one of their top three choices．To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as determination, concentration, and the ability to work as a member of a group．The huge majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents．

　　Like in America, there is diversity(多样性)in Japanese early childhood education．Some Japanese kindergartens have specific aims, such as early musical training or potential development．In large cities, some kindergartens are attached to universities that have elementary and secondary schools．Some Japanese parents believe that if their young children attend a university-based program, it will increase the children's chances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and universities．Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanese kindergartens．

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　　China loves exhibitions．Exhibitions provide people with a chance to see what is available, and perhaps more importantly, what may be available．In order to make your visit more efficient, the rules listed below may be of some help to you．

　　Avoid attending the opening ceremony

　　Unless your company is sponsoring(主办)the exhibition, find out when the opening ceremony is and show up about 30 minutes after that．The opening ceremony is like a starting gun as soon as it's over, the gathered crowds will rush to the doors to get inside the exhibition halls．

　　Don't be distracted by pretty models

　　Hot cars and pretty girls may go well together, but don't be distracted by them．Remember what you really want to see at an exhibition．

　　Go early

　　Unlike the western competitors, Chinese exhibitors don't give away a lot of freebies during exhibitions．So, if you want the freebies, go to the show on the first day, right after the opening ceremony．

　　Don't go during lunch hour

　　Lunch is like a daily national holiday in China．Lunch hour, unfortunately, leaves exhibition booths manned by guys who are more interested in stuffing food into their mouths than explaining the product or promoting the company．

　　Avoid any booth with a big screen TV, a video game, or a loudspeaker

　　These are cheap ways of attracting consumers to visit a booth, and it doesn't always guarantee that the vendor(卖主)has a good product to show．Its purpose is to attract people with an electronic dog-and-pony show．

　　Hand your name cards out to everyone

　　Take plenty of business cards in both Chinese and English with you when going to an exhibition．Hand them out to every exhibitor whose booth you visit．This method helps advertise the name of your company, so don't leave home without them!

　　Follow the guards

　　Guards are available to assist anyone in need of help and to keep order．So follow them and look for the best products to see at an exhibition．

　　Set a time limit

　　Prepare for what you want to see, how much time you want to spend and where you want to spend your time．

　　Remember these rules and you will have a fruitful experience at an exhibition．

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　　If you are a 30-plus plain Jane, or if you are not a local fresh graduate, get ready for the embarrassment in the job market．And you are just one of the millions to face discrimination．

　　About 85 percent of the 3,424 people covered by a survey in 10 big cities, including Beijing and Shanghai, said discrimination in work and employment did exist．Also, the survey results given on Friday showed that 58 percent thought the problem to be severe．

　　Appearance, height and gender are the most discriminative categories, the Beijing Morning Post reported．

　　Some requirements could be funny．The newspaper said Beijing citizen Zhang Meng, who had more than 10 years' driving experience, failed to get a job because his possible employers considered his name to be“ unlucky”．

　　“Meng”, they said, literally means“rush”in Chinese, which made him more accident prone(倾向)than others．

　　Employers discriminate against people from certain regions or areas, such as Central China's Henan Province, because of the bad impression they have about them．Beijing citizen, too, have their share of bad luck because they are generally considered lazy．

　　Cai Dingjian, a professor from China University of Political Science and Law, who headed the survey, said such requirements, which are not connected with the job itself, violate(侵犯)people's equal right to look for a career．“It violates basic human rights,”he said to the newspaper．

　　Cai said governments should pay attention to such discriminations because they exist not only in companies, but are also practiced by them．One example is that civil servants are usually required to have a pleasant personality．

　　Director of the labour law committee under the All China Lawyers Association Jiang Junlu said the lack of related laws was at the root of all discriminations．

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　　We all hate speed cameras, don't we?They're not there to slow drivers down and lower the road accidents; they just make money for the government．They trick us, cost us cold hard cash, disturb us from driving properly and are unfair．

　　Well, here's a surprising thing：what if there were facts that the boring cameras actually saved lives?It's a conclusion difficult to ignore when you look at what's happening in France, a country with a historically poor record of road safety．

　　There were 16,617 road deaths in 1972 in France for example, but that dropped to 8412 by 1995 following rules such as compulsory seat belt wearing in 1990 and a lowering of the blood alcohol limit to 0.05 in 1995．

　　Last year, the road deaths dropped below 5,000 for the first time, or 4.9 per cent less than 2004．Comparing road deaths to population in 2005, that's about 817 per million people compared with Australia's 806．

　　And guess what?Last year the number of speed cameras on French roads reached 1,000 and the government plans to double that within the next three years．

　　Okay, you know the arguments regarding increased traffic safety and cameras-for-income, but it seems in France there's been a major cultural change brought on by radars and other laws．A three-hour, wine-soaked lunch with a quick rush back to the office is no longer on．

　　Travelling on the highways, it is rare to see anyone breaking the 130km/h speed limit when once few traveled below it．The speed cameras are clearly signed so drivers know when they are coming．There's even an official web site listing fixed and mobile camera locations and it is updated regularly．

　　Maybe it is because of such transparency by government, rather than the concealment too often used by authorities in many other countries that more French can enjoy la joi de vivre thanks to speed cameras．

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阅读理解。

　　It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science, it is impossible to predict．If the things to be found are actually new, they must be unknown in advance．You cannot make choices on this matter．You either have science or you don't and if you have it you have to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and useful bits．

　　The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we don't know enough about nature．Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology．It is, in its way, a clear piece of news．It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century to be told by any of us how little we know and how strange seems the way ahead．In earlier times, they either pretended to understand how things worked or simply made up stones to give answers．Now that we have begun exploring seriously, we are catching sight of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered．Because of this, we are sorry．It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted．

　　But we are making a beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction．There are probably no questions we can think up that can't be answered, sooner or later．Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention．

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　　Why do some people always seem to succeed at work, while others of equal or higher intelligence don't?It is not luck．More than likely it's the emotional intelligence factor．Emotional intelligence, often referred to as EQ, is a set of abilities that lets you form favorable relationships with yourself and others．Research shows that it can be a far better predictor of life success than IQ．At its simplest, emotional intelligence includes the following：

　　Self-awareness

　　Recognizing your emotions and their effects, knowing your strengths and limitations, and having a strong sense of your abilities and self-worth．

　　Self-regulation

　　Managing your moods by keeping troublesome emotions under control, and directing your feelings and resources to improving your performance and achievement．

　　Self-motivation

　　Knowing how to use your emotions to drive yourself into action toward a desired goal and to stick to it despite difficulties．

　　Empathy

　　Your ability to sense others' feelings and emotions, read and understand how relationships work, and expect, recognize and meet people's most important needs．

　　Social skills

　　Your ability to bring out answers you want from others through communication, working together, influence, and relationship-building．

　　Unlike IQ, which you are born with, EQ can be learned, used and improved at any age．In fact, studies show that our emotional intelligence increases as we get older-getting to the highest between 50 and 59．

　　Psychologist Dr．Hendrie Weisinger advises writing down your emotions several times throughout the day and keeping a diary．After a week, look at what you're feeling, how you're using your feelings, and how it affects your work day．Then you can apply those skills in your own life and see what a difference it makes!

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　　Welcome to log on a new Web site－SCIENCE NEWS FOR KIDS!

　　Our goal is to offer timely items of interest to kids, accompanied by suggestions for hands-on activities, books, articles, Web resources, and other useful materials．

　　Our emphasis is on making the Web site appealing by offering kids opportunities to comment on and grade the subject matter, get ideas for science projects, and try out mathematical puzzles．At the same time, we offer teachers creative ways of using science news in their classrooms．

　　The Science News for Kids Web site, funded by grants from several corporations and foundations, enhances the usefulness of Science News in the middle-school classroom and offers recreational reading and activities for students interested in science．

　　A section of the Science News for Kids Web site is devoted to particular interests．At present, we have six such zones：a weekly brainteaser for those who enjoy solving and inventing puzzles(PuzzleZone), entertaining science-fiction composition exercises for those interested in writing(SciFiZone), and weekly science fair profiles along with science project ideas and tips(ScienceFairZone)．The GameZone contains a small selection of logic and memory games, implemented as Java applets(小应用程序)．The TeacherZone has materials, including question sheets related to the feature article of the week, so that teachers can bring science news topics to the classroom．The LabZone features a weekly hands-on activity or science project idea．In the future, we might add additional zones, for example, for kids interested in robotics, the environment, computers, mathematics, or veterinary medicine and animals．

　　Contact us at editor@ snkids.com.　　　Science News for Kids

　　1719 N Street, N．W．　　　　　　　Phone：202－785－2255

　　Washington, DC 20036　　　　　　　Fax：202－659－0365

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　　New research, attempting to throw light upon how male and female brains differ, has found that timing is everything．American Vanderbilt University researchers Stephen Camarata and Richard Woodcock discovered that females have a significant advantage over males in timed tests and tasks．The study involved more than 8,000 males and females ranging in age from 2 to 90 from across the US．

　　“We found hardly any differences in overall intelligence．But we discovered that females performed better than men in time limited situations,”Camarata said,“It is very important for teachers to understand this difference in males and females when it comes to assigning work and tests．”

　　Many males can do a better job without strict time limits, added Camarata．

　　“Consider that many classroom activities, including testing, are directly or indirectly related to processing speed,”the researchers wrote in their report．“The higher performance in females may contribute to a classroom culture that favors females, not because of teacher bias(偏见)but because of inherent(与生俱来的)differences in gender processing speeds．”

　　The researchers found that males scored lower than females in all age groups in tests measuring processing speed．However, the study also found that males consistently outperformed females in some language abilities, such as identifying objects and knowing antonyms(反义词)and synonyms(同义词)．The research contradicts the popular belief that girls develop all communication skills earlier than boys．

　　The researchers found no significant overall intelligence differences between males and females in any age groups．

　　“We believe there are fundamental differences in how male and female brains end up getting organized,”Camarata said,“Our next studies will give us some insight into where these processing differences are occurring．”

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阅读理解。

　　When I was a boy, my father told me that he could do anything he wanted to．Dad said that he wanted to be the first to develop color prints in our city, and so he did．

　　When I was 16, Dad looked closely at the violin I played and announced that he wanted to make one．He read about violinmaking, and then became a violinmaker at the age of 43．He bought the tools and materials, opened a small store and set Mom up as the shopkeeper, while he worked at a local company．He retired from the company 17 years later and continued to make violins and other instruments．

　　Dad often guessed why the Stradivarius violins sound so beautiful．Some experts claimed that it was the unique varnish(油漆)that gave those instruments their beautiful sound．Dad argued that chemists could analyze the varnish－if that were the answer．

　　One of Dad's friends asked him once which kind of wood was used to make violins．When Dad explained that the top was made of spruce, his friend said that he had an old piece of spruce Dad might be interested in．

　　He worked for the next 12 months making a violin from the wood that his friend had given him．It proved to be a superior violin and it would become Dad's masterpiece．He was convinced that the secret of the Stradivarius sound was in the wood itself．

　　Later, the instrument was stolen．Dad's spirit was broken by the robbery, and he stopped making instruments．But he kept the music shop until he was 80 years old, selling guitars and violins．

　　My father has been gone for 14 years now．The violin has been missing for more than 25 years．Somewhere a musician is playing a late-20th-century violin with an excellent tone．The owner today may never understand why this ordinary-looking violin sounds so much like a Stradivarius．

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