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　　Scientists used to explore(探测)on the surface of the ocean．Now they are exploring below the surface, too．They want to know about ocean water and the plant and animal life deep in the ocean．

　　In 1934 the scientist William Beebe dived 3000 feet below the surface in a hollow steel ball．In 1935 August Piccard dived 10 330 feet．In 1960 his son Jean dived to a depth of 35 800 feet．

　　All these early dives were deep．But the divers could not stay down for very long．They had to come back up to the surface after a few seconds．Scientists needed to stay down longer to study life below surface．Gradually they succeeded．Cousteau, a Frenchman, was able to keep men down to a depth of 36 feet for one month and to a depth of 90 feet for a week．

　　Now scientists are developing even better equipment．With this new equipment, men can stay below the surface for days or even weeks．In 1962 Cousteau set up a research station 35 feet below the surface．Then, in 1964, he set up another station on the ocean floor of the Red Sea．This was the first undersea station to operate without help from the surface．

　　Many countries are now studying undersea living．The former Soviet Union has an undersea laboratory in the Crimean Sea．The United States has a laboratory 50 feet down on the ocean floor off the Virgin Islands．In 1970 five men lived there for two weeks．Then a team of five women scientists stayed in the laboratory．Next came other teams of men．All were there to explore the ocean depths and to make plans for the use of its resources．Scientists hope to find enough mineral, vegetable, and animal wealth there to provide food for the entire world．

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　　Peter the Great(1672 1725)wanted his city to be unique(独特的)in Russia．So he filled it with canals like those of Venice, baroque(巴洛克式的)palaces and British townhouses．Now the city has celebrated its 300th anniversary(周年纪念)．

　　Naming the city was a difficult matter．At first, Peter the Great called his huge ambitions new Russian city Sankt Pieter Burkh．But, he soon changed this to St Petersburg．When World WarⅠbroke out in 1914, it was renamed Petrograd．On the death of Lenin in 1924, it became Leningrad．After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, it returned to St Petersburg．Many people call it plain Peter today．This seems appropriate given that “petra” means stone(in Russian and Latin)and there was a time when all of Russia's available(可用的)stones were sent there to build Peter's magnificent(雄伟的)“Window on the West”．

　　From the start, StPetersburg was a very modern, international city．It first became the Russian capital in 1712 and, with this in mind, Peter hired a great deal of international talent to build and develop it．

　　The most obvious effect of this arrival of foreigners was in the layout(设计)of the city's streets, parks, palaces and government buildings．Although bombed to near destruction by Adolf Hitler's forces in the 1940s, the city was rebuilt, stone by stone．What you see around you in the end of Catherine the Great's reign(统治)in 1796 when, after nearly a century, Peter's city was one of the finest in the world．

　　Peter the Great's city was, and now remains? a meeting point for the cultures of Russia and Europe, whether you are one of the 49 percent of its population who, in 1991, voted to remain its revolutionary name, Leningrad, or the 51 percent who opted for St Petersburg．To everyone, it remains Peter, an architectural stone of race and fancinating beauty．

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　　Britain is a popular tourist place．But tours of the country have pros and cons．

Good news

　　Free museum．No charge for outstanding collections of art and antiquities(古董)．

　　Pop music．Britain is the only country to rival(与……匹敌)the U．S．on this score．

　　Black cabs．London taxi drivers know where they are going even if there are never enough of them at weekends or night．

　　Choice of food．Visitors can find everything from Ethiopian(埃塞俄比亚的)to Swedish restaurants．

　　Fashion．Not only do fashion junkies love deeply and respect highly brand names such as Vivienne Westood, Alexander McQueen; street styles are justly loved, too．

Bad news

　　Poor service．“It's part of the image of the place．People can dine out on the rudeness they have experienced, ”says Professor Tony Seaton, of Luton University's International Tourism Research Center．?

　　Poor public transport．Trains and buses are promised to defeat the keenest tourists, although the overcrowded London tube is inexplicably(无以言表地)popular．

　　Lack of languages．Speaking slowly and clearly may not get many foreign visitors very far, even in the tourist traps(圈套)．

　　Rain．Still in the number one complaint(抱怨)．

　　No air conditioning．So that even splendidly hot summers become as unbearable as the downpours．

　　Overpriced hotels．The only European country with a higher rate of tax on hotel rooms is Denmark．

　　Licensing(许可)hours．Alcohol(酒)is in short after 11 p．m．even in “24hour cities”．

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　　An ancient Egyptian mummy returned home 150 years after being stolen by a Canadian doctor．?

　　The mummy is believed to be Ramses Ⅰ, the founder of the 19th Dynasty of ancient Egypt．It was stolen in the 19th century, at the time when many explorers from Europe and America wanted to find the mummified bodies of Pharaohs(法老)．They had heard stories of the Pharaohs being buried with treasures of great artistic, scientific and financial value．

　　But when King Tut was discovered in 1922 in Egypt they realized the Pharaohs might have been buried with something else as well－curses(咒语)．

　　As soon as Englishman Howard Carter found King Tut's tomb, strange things started to happen．On the night of the discovery, Carter's canary(金丝雀)was killed by a snake．It was the same kind of snake found on a symbol worn by the Pharaohs on their foreheads．A few months later, Lord Carnarvon, the man who paid for Carter's trip, died suddenly in Cairo of unknown causes．By 1935, no fewer than 21 people connected with the discovery of the tomb had dieD．

　　After much argument over whether the curse of King Tut really existed, four years ago German scientist Gotthard Kramer tried to find it out for certain．He discovered that bacteria(细菌)on the mummy could have been responsible for the deaths．“When this bacteria enters the body through the nose, mouth or eyes, ”Kramer said, “it can result in illness or even death, particularly to those with bad health．”

　　But perhaps the power of the curse is in the minds of those who believe it．Carter, the man who actually opened the tomb, lived to 66 before dying of natural causes．“All sensible people should dismiss(不予理会)these curse ideas as rubbish, ”he said．

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　　The English language started about 1500 years ago in England．Three groups of people came to the country．They were the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes．These three groups brought their languages with them to England．After some time, the three languages became one new language－English．The name“English”comes from the Angles．They lived in most of England．“England”means“Angle Land”or “Country of the Angles”．

　　The language that we speak today－Modern English－is not the same as the English that people used 1500 years ago, including Old English(before 1150)and Middle English(up till 1500)．That language－Old English－sounds different, and it has some different rules of grammar．There were only a few thousand words in Old English．But Modern English does come from Old English, and it is still like it in many important ways．

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What is language for? Some people seem to think it’s for practising grammar rules and learning lists of words－the longer the lists, the better．That’s wrong．Language is for the Exchange(交流)of ideas and information．It’s meaningless knowing all about a language if you can’t use it freely．Many students I have met know hundreds of grammar rules, but they can’t speak correctly or fluently(流利地)．They are afraid of making mistakes．One shouldn’t be afraid of making mistakes when speaking a foreign language．Native speakers make mistakes and break rules, too．Bernard Shaw once wrote, “Foreigners often speak English too correctly．”But the mistakes that native speakers make are different from those that Chinese students make．They’re English mistakes in the English language．And if enough native speakers break a rule, it is no longer a rule．What used to be wrong becomes right．People not only make history, they make language．But a people can only make its own language．It can’t make another people’s language．So Chinese students of English should pay attention to grammar, but they shouldn’t overdo(做过头)it．They should put communication(交际)first．

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　　If you have to miss a meal a day(or if you want to do so)，which meal will cause you fewest health problems if you don’t eat it?If you have to make a decision of this type，most people(especially very busy people)will choose to skip breakfast．

　　However，many experts in the field of health consider breakfast(the meal which “break”you “fast”and which started the night before)to be the most important meal of the day．If we eat a good breakfast，they say，we will have the energy and nutrients(营养)we need to begin our working day with vigor(活力)and hopeful with good honor．However，many people skip breakfast or substitute(代替)a donut or a cup of coffee for a well-balanced meal．What happens if we ignore the importance of breakfast?

　　One recent study conducted in the United States tested a large number of people．Participants(参加者)included both males and females who ranged in age from 12 to 83．During the experiments，these people were given a variety of breakfasts，and sometimes，they have to skip breakfast completely．Special tests，including blood tests and endurance(耐力)tests，were set up to analyze(分析)how well the participants bodies functioned when they had eaten a certain kind of breakfast．

　　The results showed that if a person eats an adequate breakfast，he or she will work more efficiently and more productively than if he or she skips breakfast or eats a very poor breakfast．This fact appears to be especially true if a person’s work involves mental activities．The study showed that if school-children eat fruit，eggs，bread and milk before going to school，they will learn more quickly and will be able to concentrate(集中)on their lessons for a longer period of time than if their breakfast is inadequate．

　　The study also showed that contrary to what people believe．If you skip breakfast，you will not lose weight．This is because people become so hungry if they skip breakfast that they eat too much for lunch and end up gaining weight instead of losing．So remember，if you want to lose weight，skipping breakfast will not help you．You will probably lose more weight if you reduce your other meals．

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　　The nervous-looking(紧张不安的)young man had waited for a few moments outside the jeweler’s shop before he got enough courage(勇气)to enter．He was warmly greeted by a young assistant．James felt a rush blood to his face as he explained he would bring in his future wife to choose a birthday present．The assistant listened carefully and told him he’d better buy a necklace．He wasn’t used to buying jewelry and was a little worried about overspending．After some discussion as to reasonable price and type(类型)，the assistant showed him dozens of necklaces and helped him to choose．At last James chose one and left the shop promising to return at five o’clock．When，half an hour later，James did return to the shop with his future wife，Laura，the assistant acted as if she had never seen him before．When she was asked to show them some necklaces，she first brought out some inexpensive ones for them to choose and then gave them the one she had prepared．A choice was soon made and they went away，satisfied．James would certainly come back to buy what he wanted when he got married．

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　　Learning the language of a country isn't enough．If you see the manners of your foreign friends, you will probably be surprised just how different they can be from your own．

　　A visitor to India should remember that they are impolite to use the left hand for passing food at table．The left hand is for washing yourself．Also in India, you might see a man shaking his head at another to show that he is disagreeing．But in many parts of India a rotating(转)movement of the head is to show agreement．In Bulgaria you shake your head to show“yes”－a nod to show“no”．

　　In Europe it is quite usual to cross your legs while sitting and talking to someone, even at an important meeting．But doing this could cause offence to a Thailander．Also touching the head of a grown-up is impolite．It's just not done in Thailand．

　　American informality is well known．But we Chinese are very likely to regard it as a lack of respect when we first encounter(遇见)it, especially in the business world．The almost immediate use of first names upsets Chinese who are not used to it．

　　We should not be surprised if Americans don't shake hands with us．They often just nod or smile．And they simply say“Hi”or“Hello”．Americans at a party are not likely to say“goodbye”to everyone when they leave．They just wave their hands or say something informal to the whole group such as“Well, see you tomorrow”or“So long everybody”．Then they disappear, no handshakes, for Americans have different senses of timing and pace from us．We need to understand this if we want to understand Americans．

　　Knowing about manners is useful when you are traveling, but you need to know the language used to express for ritual(礼节)．

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　　Body language is an easier way of expressing feelings than spoken language．For example you do not say to someone easily that you do not like him or her, but through body language you can show them clearly．So the spoken language is limited, which is why we need the body language so much in our communication．Spoken language and body language go mostly hand in hand．

　　When someone says something, information is conveyed(传递)through body language at the same time．This extra non-verbal information can support the content of the message or may contradict it．An example of the latter：a patient in the dentist's waiting room is rocking on his chair, but says he's not nervous．What do you believe?When someone contradict his words like this through his body language, his non-verbal message is almost always regarded as the most true because it is very difficult to lie through body language．Most people are not very aware of their body language．When someone is lying, we get the feeling that something is not right through his behavior．For the most part we are inclined(倾向于)to rely on this feeling and not to believe him．So body language has a larger reliability(可靠性)value．

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