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　　A land free from destruction (破坏), plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply－all these were important 1 in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. 2 they were not enough. Something 3 was needed to start the industrial process. That “something special” was men- 4 individuals who could invent machines, find new 5 of power, and establish business organizations to reshape (改造) society.

　　The men who 6 the machines of the Industrial Revolution 7 from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were 8 inventors than scientists. A man who is a 9 scientist is primarily interested in doing his research 10 . He is not necessarily working so that his findings can be used.

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　　The sun is a star. It is a flaming ball of extremely 1 gases. The surface temperature is about , hot enough to turn every 2 to vapor (气体), but relatively cool compared to the strong heat at the 3 .

　　Located about 93 million miles 4 the earth, the sun has a diameter (直径) that is nearly equal to 109 of our earth's 5 up like a row of beach-balls, and a mass that is about 330 000 times the mass of the earth.

　　The sun is the original source of nearly all our 6 . It is mostly made of hydrogen (氢), 7 it also contains nearly every other kind of atom (原子) that exists on the earth. The sun obtains its energy from a process of fusion (溶解) in which hydrogen atoms are changed into helium (氦) atoms 8 extreme heat and pressure. This process creates a great noise, but we cannot hear it because 9 does not travel through empty space.

　　Our sun is not even 10 large or bright compared to 11 stars. Stars vary in size from smaller than the earth to large enough to hold a good part of our solar system (太阳系)! The 12 of a star shows its temperature. A star may be red, yellow, white, or blue.

　　The nearest star is 4.3 light years from the earth. A light year is the 13 light travels in one year, or about 6 million miles. The 14 stars are billions of light years away. Some are 15 far away that if they were to blow up today, their lights would continue to be seen from the earth 16 a million years!

　　Our sun is part of a great galaxy (星系) of 30 billion stars, called the Milky Way. 17 there are billions of galaxies within 18 of our telescopes and countless billions beyond. The bigness of space is quite 19 human comprehension. How exciting it is to live in an age 20 human beings have begun to explore that space.

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　　Philadelphia, which means “brotherly love”, is the 4th largest city in the US. It was 1 by William Penn in 1682. So to the Americans, Philadelphia is a city of historic importance. The City Hall was officially 2 in 1901. Until 1908 it was the 3 building in America. Covering 4 of 427mu, the building is bigger than the US Capital (美国国会磊厦), with a style 5 the Louvre (罗浮宫) in Paris.

　　The whole building houses (has, consists of) 600 6 . On the 2nd floor is the Mayor's Reception Hall, where the mayor 7 honored guests and meets people. Among the very important people 8 , there have been kings, queens, 9 and prime ministers from many countries.

　　Around the walls are portraits of former mayors. 10 mayor's portrait is 11 when he leaves office. Sightseers are 12 to have a tour round the City Hall. They are sure to be 13 by the giant statue (雕像) of William Penn, the 14 of Philadelphia, which is 37 feet tall and 15 55 348 pounds. The hat brim (帽边, 帽缘) measures 23 feet 16 and the fingers are 2.5 feet long.

　　In the City Hall Tower, 17 can enjoy a wonderful view of the city in all directions－parks, squares, rivers are lying 18 . The fast-running 19 look like little moving match boxes. The broad streets stretch as 20 as the eye can see.

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　　Is the world really going mad? 1 day I was sitting in a restaurant 2 a quick drink and a talk with a few friends when it suddenly 3 me that almost everyone in the restaurant was smoking. It wasn't long 4 the whole room was 5 with smoke. I asked with an apology for 6 to open a window to stop myself 7 !

　　Nowadays air pollution is something that we hardly question any more. However, I still can't walk down the street in any of the big cities without 8 that people are 9 the air pollution. It is time for the government departments of the world to introduce emission (废气排出) controls on all cars and 10 the public transportation system (公交体系) to encourage people to 11 their cars at home. A friend of mine takes flying lesson each morning and it really makes him 12 when he climbs above the smog layer (烟雾层) and looks down 13 it and thinks: “I'm breathing that!” This kind of 14 results from the bad management of resources. Waste things can 15 should be treated properly. House building, road 16 , and industrial development are all earthmoving (earth reducing) operations and can change the balances of 17 created over millions of years. I would like to 18 serious studies done on all these main works before they are built. Also, there should be 19 national parks set up to keep the most beautiful parts of our countries in their natural 20 .

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Now everybody is familiar with the word “pollution”. Nobody can deny (否认) that pollution is 1 spreading. Spend a hot afternoon in any big town, then wipe your forehead with your handkerchief－it is 2 . Hang out your washing on the line to 3 －you'll have to wash 4 again. You may hope that the rain will wash your car, or your windows－they are 5 dirtier than before. Poisonous smoke from factories has sometimes made acres (英亩) of surrounding land 6 . Nor is the problem 7 to land. Tons and tons of untreated 8 water and unfiltered (未经过滤的) chemical waste are pumped daily into rivers and the sea, and dead fish 9 often to be seen 10 in the water and washed up on the shores of seas, lakes and streams, 11 deadly waste of oil floating on the surface of the sea 12 death to millions of seabirds. 13 , we are cheerfully using 14 the world's resources and 15 needless waste. Non-returnable bottles, which are convenient (方便的) for manufactures (制造业) but encourage garbage (rubbish) here and there, are often dangerous to get 16 of and above all have merely (only) to be replaced by others. Plastic, that wonderful 17 , is extremely (rather) 18 to deal with. Yet now we make furniture 19 it, while nearly all our goods are merrily and often unnecessarily wrapped up in it. This is to make us buy more, of course, and spend more. The 20 by plastic becomes even severer.

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　　Since 1939, numerous scientific studies have been conducted to determine 1 smoking is a health threat. The 2 of the 3 has been consistent (一致的) and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show 4 all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking, particularly cigarette smoking is 5 with a 6 life expectancy (time).

　　Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this 7 to be an important 8 in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related 9 cancer of other organs. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death 10 from heart disease than non-smoking males. (Female smokers are thought to be 11 affected because they do not breathe in the smoke 12 deeply.) The 13 of physicians and researchers consider these relationships proved 14 their satisfaction and say, “Give 15 smoking. If you don't smoke don't start! ”

　　Smoking does 16 to the lungs. Smoking also affects the heart and blood vessels. Smokers also die much more often 17 heart disease.

　　While all tobacco smoking affects life expectancy and health, cigarette smoking appears to have a much greater effect than cigar or pipe smoking. 18 , nicotine consumption is not decreased by the latter forms, and current research indicates a 19 relationship between all forms of smoking and cancer of the mouth and throat. Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some 20 safer, but they can only marginally reduce, not eliminate the threats.

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　　Montgomery is a large city in the southern state of Alabama. This state had many 1 that forced black people, called “coloureds”, to be separated 2 white people.

　　Restaurants drinking fountains, and buses had 3 that forced “coloureds” to be in a certain section away from white people.

　　Rose Parks decided to 4 one of these laws. On December 1,1955, she got on a bus and sat at the back of the 5 section because the black section was full. When 6 asked her to give up her seat for him, she refused. When the driver insisted she move, she again 7 . The driver called the police and she was arrested.

　　When the black people of Montgomery heard about her arrest, they had meetings to decide 8 they could do. Martin Luther King had 9 the black population to stand up to injustice (不公正) through non-violent means.

　　They decided to boycott bus. 10 white people had cars, so only a few rode the bus. The bus company could not make 11 money to buy fuel and pay the drivers. They 12 thousands of dollars.

　　The bus boycott lasted 381 days. During the time black people 13 long distances to their 14 . The law had to be changed 15 Blacks would again ride the bus. In 1956, the Supreme Court in Washington D． C． decided it was not lawful to 16 black people to sit in a special section of the bus. The new law meant that people of any race could sit anywhere on the bus. Rose Parks had changed the 17 of separation for all of the southern states. She stated that her 18 came from two sources (来源). The first was the 19 she saw in her mother and grandparents when they faced difficult situations. The second was from an inner feeling about right and 20 , justice and injustice. Some people call her the “Mother of the Civil Rights Movement”. Certainly, her act of bravery changed the lives of black people in the southern states.

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　　On Thursday afternoon Mrs Clarke locked the door and went to the women's club as usual. It was a pleasant way of passing time 1 an old woman who lived 2 .

　　When she came home she sensed something 3 . Had someone got in? The back door and the windows were all 4 and there was no 5 of forced entry. Had anything been taken? She went from room to room, 6 and found her camera and spare watch 7 .

　　The following Thursday she went out at her 8 time, but didn't go to the club. 9 she took a short walk in a park nearby and came home, 10 herself in through the back door. She settled down to wait and see what would 11 .

　　It was 4 o'clock when the front doorbell rang. Mrs Clarke was 12 tea at the time. The bell rang again, and 13 she heard her letterbox being pushed open. 14 the kettle of boiling water, she moved quietly towards the door. A piece of wire appeared through the letter-box, and then a 15 . The wire turned and caught around the knob on the doorlock. Mrs Clarke raised the kettle and 16 the water over the hand. 17 was heard outside as the wire fell to the floor and the hand was pulled back, which was 18 by the sound of running feet.

　　It wasn't long 19 the police caught the thief. And Mrs Clarke was greatly admired at the club for her successful 20 .

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　　Four men and a cat reached Australia last night after drifting on a log raft from South America. Their 7 000-mile trip 1 the Pacific Ocean 2 161 days. It was not an easy journey. The raft arrived in terrible disrepair (破损) from the 3 it had taken from huge waves and storms 4 . The once brightly painted sails had become so 5 by the sun and water that they were now washed-out 6 . The 7 of the little deckhouse (舱面船室) were broken. During bad storms, clothing and equipment were 8 inside, 9 everything in wild disorder. One of the men said that the 10 would not last another week at sea. 11 was hard to believe it had lasted that long, so no one 12 .

　　The passengers arrived 13 . The greatest 14 they felt came from the long 15 days and nights when they could not leave the 16 deckhouse, where they had plenty of rain water to drink. And day after day they ate only 17 ! 18 the cat, the travelers said they now felt 19 a distaste (嫌恶) for fish that they would probably 20 eat fish again.

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　　It happened in New York last Thursday. Even Trent arrived at White's Market in a taxi. She told the driver to 1 for her. She 2 the shop and said, “Hand 3 your money.”

　　Ralph White was busy putting cans of apples on a table and did not 4 her clearly. He turned and asked, “May I help you?”

　　“I told you to give me your money. I've got a 5 in my wallet.”

　　Mr White gave her 6 from the cash drawer (现金抽屉). Then while Miss Trent was putting the money in her wallet, White took his 7 gun from 8 . Miss Trent 9 out of the store with White running after her.

　　 10 jumped into the waiting taxi 11 White shouted, “It's a robbery! Stop!” The taxi driver didn't 12 . He thought White wanted to rob him, 13 he jumped out of his taxi with his hands in the air. Then Trent got out with her gun in her hand and 14 it at White. White pointed his gun at Trent. For almost a minute they stood there in the street face to face and gun to gun, but 15 of them fired. They 16 . Both had toy guns.

　　Suddenly Trent dropped her 17 and ran down the street away from the scene. She waved her arms at a passing car. When the car stopped, she asked for a 18 . The two men in the car were 19 to take her along. They were police officers. They gave Miss Trent a ride 20 to the prison.

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