In ancient times the most important examinations were spoken, not written. In the schools of ancient Greece and Rome, testing usually consisted of saying poetry aloud or giving speeches.

　　In the European universities of the Middle Ages, students who were working for advanced degrees had to discuss questions in their field of study with people who had made a special study of the subject. This custom exists today as part of the process of testing candidates for the doctor's degree.

　　Generally, however, modern examinations are written. The written examination, where all students are tested on the same questions, was probably not known until the nineteenth century. Perhaps it came into existence with the great increase in population and the development of modern industry. A room full of candidates for a state examination, timed exactly by electric clocks and carefully watched over by managers, resembles a group of workers at an automobile factory. Certainly, during examinations teachers and students are expected to act like machines.

　　One type of test is sometimes called as“objective”test. It is intended to deal with facts, not personal opinions. To make up an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer. Along with each question the teacher writes the correct answer and also three statements that look like answers to students who have not learned the material properly.

(1) Which of the following statements is true about the students in the Middle Ages?

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A．They took objective tests.

B．They specialized in one subject.

C．They were timed by electrical clocks.

D．They usually took spoken tests.

(2) The main idea of Paragraph 3 is that ______.

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A．workers now take examinations

B．the population had grown rapidly

C．there are only written exams today

D．examinations are now written and timed

(3) Modern industry must have developed _______.

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A．before the Middle Ages

B．around the 19th century

C．in Greece or Rome

D．machines to take tests

(4) It may be concluded from the passage that testing _______.

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A．should test only opinions

B．should always be written

C．has changed since the Middle Ages

D．is given only in factories

　　Language shows the way that man looks at the world around him. Man lives in a world of words. By talking with each other, people are able to know and to understand each other. A people's language allows them to do this.

　　But not all the people of the world speak the same language. This can cause people and nations not to understand or agree with each other. Different languages see the world in different ways. Each group of people thinks that its language is the best. Other languages strange or wrong. But each language is clear to the people that speak it.

　　Every language in the world has words that tell the time, age, sex（性别），and the way of life of the people that speak it. The language of a nation show the customs（习俗）and values of its people.

(1) We learn from the text that _______.

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A．every language shows the same value of all people

B．language helps people to understand each other

C．people who speak the same language see the world in the same way

D．people who speak different languages can never agree with each other

(2) _______ think their own language is better than any other language.

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(3) A language can't be separated from ________.

[　　]

A．a certain group of people

B．its history and culture

C．its words and idioms

D．expressions

(4) Which of the following is correct?

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A．Without language people can't understand each other.

B．Some day all the people will speak the same language.

C．No language in the world is best.

D．Languages have the same words to tell the different things.

　　Many sports need the services of one or more referees（裁判）. You will find, for example, referees in swimming, diving competitions, football, skating, basketball, and tennis, among others. The referee's judgement, no matter what the sport is, can make the difference between winning and losing.

　　When a decision is announced, one can often hear loud cheering from the spectators（观众）. Sometimes the people don't agree with the decision. Usually, however, no matter what the people think, the decision of the judge is final. With the instant replay television viewers often get a second chance to watch the special sports moments. Should the camera help the referees in making their decisions? Some people think so. The Japanese have been using the television instant replay in one of their sports for some time.

　　In Japan, where sumo wrestling is thought by many to be the national sport, a wrestler named Taiho was trying to break Futabayama's record of 69 victories. In the 46th match, Futabayama was declared the winner by mistake because the judges had not seen the wrestler's foot leave the circle.

　　Soon after the mistake, the people said that they had a right to see the match end with the correct winners since they had paid as much as $ 375 for a ringside seat. Now cameras record the actions or wrestlers. The camera is the most important referee of all. If a man or a woman makes a mistake in judgement, the camera will correct it, and the instant replay will let everyone know it. The right winner will win.

(1) The passage is mainly about ________.

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A．how to wrestle in Japan

B．the use of a camera as referee

C．watching matches on television

D．why sumo wrestling is fun

(2) In most sports, the referee ________.

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A．doesn't count much

B．gets paid too much

C．gets paid too much

D．has the final word

(3) A poor decision ________.

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A．can cause the wrong winner ________.

B．is usually declared winner

C．almost never happens

D．shouldn't matter much

(4) You can tell that sumo wrestling ________.

A．is played on a race track

B．has teams of nine

C．is a contest between two

D．is very unpopular in Japan

　　Millions of people visit Yosemite National Park every year to see the tall waterfalls and mountains. These mountains are a splendid sight when viewed from the valley floor. Lots of stores, hotels, and restaurants are needed to handle the crowds. Also, water, roads, and other service systems are part of the infrastructure（基础设施）that must be maintained.

　　Unfortunately, these systems are starting to break down. It's not just in Yosemite but in national parks around the nation.

　　Yosemite is thirty years old according to Dennis Galvin, a National Park Service worker. The park is not only old but worn out. Two or three times as many visitors come every year. That is too many visitors for the park to deal with.

　　Four years ago a storm washed out a water pipeline in the Grand Canyon. The National Park Service had to send water trucks to provide water for the visitors. Last month pipes almost broke again and roads had to be closed for a while.

　　Why hasn't the National Park Service kept up the park repairs? There is a lack of money. The United States has 378 monuments, parks, and wilderness areas. Between three and four billion dollars are needed for repairs.

　　Yosemite is one national park that does have money for repairs. It has two hundred million dollars but cannot spend it any way it chooses. When the park workers started widening the road, they were forced to stop by the Sierra Club. The club claimed that the road work was damaging the Merced River that runs through the park.

　　A Sierra Club lawyer, Julia Olson, feels that the infrastructure needs to be moved out of Yosemite. That way less pressure will be put on the already crowded park.

(1) According to the text, the mountains in Yosemite look most splendid when they are appreciated from ________.

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(2) National parks like Yosemite in the U.S. find it increasingly difficult to meet the need of visitors because ________.

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A．their transport management needs improving

B．they spend too much on their service systems

C．their service systems frequently go out of order

D．they need help from environmental organizations

(3) The main problem of Yosemite National Park is its ________.

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(4) According to the text, the Sierra Club is most likely to be ________.

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　　One hundred new bookstalls that will sell newspapers as well as books have been making their debut on city streets since Saturday morning.

　　The newsstands are part of the city's efforts to improve the appearance of streets and neighborhoods. The newsstands' design, featuring large glass window, will help the customers to see what is on sale at a glance.

　　An electrical screen on the newsstands will announce immediately the arrival of the latest papers. The newsstands will also help collect utility fees. There will be 1000 newsstands by the end of the year. The newly formed Oriental Books and Papers Service Co. Ltd will manage the stalls. According to sources from the company, over 80 percent of the people hired to operate the stands will be recruited from laid-off workers. This means the project will help ease the city's unemployment pressure, sources said.

　　All recruited will undergo a training programme and be glad in green uniform. Municipal Vice-part Secretary Gong Xueping said the installation of the 100 stands was just the first step towards the objective of setting up 1000 stands in the city by the end of the year.

　　He said the creation of the stalls would be of particular significance to the enhancement of the city's spiritual civilization. He also made some suggestions regarding the location, design, and construction of the new stands, and the renovation of the existing newsstands.

(1) One hundred new bookstalls are set up to ________.

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A．classify tile bookstores

B．beautify the streets and neighborhood

C．enrich people's minds with knowledge

D．increase people's purchasing power

(2) The newsstands are made of large glass windows to ________.

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A．beautify the streets

B．differ from other shops

C．let the customers browse through what they want

D．reduce the expenses of the construction

(3) Which sentence is NOT true?

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A．The newsstands also help gather together other public service charges.

B．The newsstands will make known the arrival of the current issue of paper.

C．These kinds of newsstands will be widely set up.

D．The newsstands just sell newspapers and magazines.

(4) What is the other purpose of building these newsstands? Give the laid-off workers a chance to ________.

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(5) Why the creation of the stalls will be of particular importance to the enhancement of the city's spiritual civilization?

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A．It will help people enrich their minds with knowledge by reading.

B．It will beautify the appearance of the city.

C．It will attract buyers with its new design.

D．It will ease the city's unemployment pressure.

　　There are thousands of products of all colors and shapes in a supermarket, making you believe that they are worth a try. How? Packaging（包装）is the silent but persuading salesman.

　　There on the shelves, each bottle, can, box, and jar has been carefully designed and measured to speak to the inner self of the consumer（消费者）, so that he is buying not only a product but also his belief in life. Scientists have studied consumer behavior recently and found that the look of the package has a great effect on the “quality”of the product and on how well it sells, because “Consumers generally cannot tell between a product and its package. Many products are packages and many packages are products,” as Louis Cheskin, the first social scientist studying consumers' feeling for packaging, noticed.

　　Colors are one of the best tools in packaging. Studies of eye movement have shown that colors draw human attention quickly. Take V8 for example. For many years, the bright red color of tomatoes and carrots on the thin bottle makes you feel that it is very good for your body. And the word “green” today can keep food prices going up.

　　Shapes are another attraction. Circles often suggest happiness and peacefulness, because these shapes are pleasing to both the eye and the heart. That's why the round yellow M signs of McDonald's are inviting to both young and old.

　　This new consumer response（反应）to the colors and shapes of packages reminds producers and sellers that people buy to satisfy both body and soul.

(1) According to the passage, ________ seems to be able to persuade a consumer to buy the product.

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A．the pleasing color of the package

B．the special taste of the product

C．the strange shape of the package

D．the belief in the product

(2) If a package or a product is round in shape, it can ________.

［　　］

A．bring excitement to the consumers

B．attract the consumers' attention

C．catch the eye movement of the consumers

D．produce a happy and peaceful feeling

(3) “And the word 'green' today can keep food prices going up.” This sentence suggests that consumers today are ________.

A．starting to notice the importance of new food

B．enjoying the beauty of nature more than before

C．beginning to like green vegetables

D．paying more attention to their health

(4) It can be inferred from the passage that V8 is a kind of ________.

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　　Transportation and communication networks bring people together. Yet sometimes people themselves create barriers（障碍）to transportation and communication. In some countries, laws stop people from moving freely from place to place. Over the centuries, many groups of people have been denied the freedom to travel because of their race, religion, or nationality. In the Middle Ages, for example, Jews were often forbidden to move about freely within certain cities. South Africa's government used to require black Africans to carry passes when they travel within the country. Some governments require all citizens to carry identifications papers and to report to government officials whenever they move.

　　Countries set up customs posts at their borders. Foreign travellers must go through a customs inspection before they are allowed to travel in the country. Usually travellers have to carry special papers such as passports and visas（签证）. Some countries even limit the number of visitors to their country each year. Others allow tourists to visit only certain areas of the country, or they may require that travellers be with an official guide at all times during their stay. Many of those barries to travel also act as barriers to communication. When two governments disagree with each other on important matters, they usually do not want their citizens to exchange news or any ideas freely. Countries often try to keep military or industrial information secret. Today, people have the ability to travel, to communicate, and to transport goods more quickly and easily than ever before. Natural barriers that were difficult or dangerous to cross a hundred years ago can now be crossed easily. The barriers that people themselves make are not so easy to overcome. But in spite of all the different kinds of barriers, people continue to enjoy travel and the exchange of goods and ideas.

(1) The examples in Paragraph 1 are used to tell the readers that ________.

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A．people have been allowed to travel freely within the country

B．people have not been permitted to travel freely for various reasons

C．travellers have to carry special papers such as passports and visas

D．customs posts are necessary at the borders of the countries

(2) Some governments limit the freedom of communication because ________.

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A．they intend to keep their national secrets unknown to others

B．they think such freedom will lead to wars

C．they often disagree with each other on important matters

D．they want to show their authority over communication

(3) We may learn from the passage that ________.

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A．people do not care about the removal of barriers between countries

B．people cannot remove the obstacles made by themselves

C．man-made barriers are sometimes harder to overcome than natural ones

D．barriers should be taken for granted as they always exist

(4) Which of the following can serve as the best title of the passage?

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A．Barriers Made by People

B．Functions of Communication

C．Restrictions on Transportation

D．Progress of Human Society

　　In the last fifty years, a lot of people have left Europe and gone to live in Australia. One of them was a Hungarian man. He lived in Australia for a long time, and he had a lot of good friends there. He always said to them, “Australia is beautiful, but Hungary is beautiful, too.” Then one year he said to his friend, “I'm going to go back to Hungary to visit my hometown.” All his friends said to him, “We want to go with you, because you often say Hungary is a beautiful country, and we want to visit it.” The Hungarian Australian took his friends from Sydney to Rome in a big plane, and then they went from Rome to Budapest in a train as they wanted to see the mountains, the villages and the towns.

　　They stayed in Budapest nearly a week, and they liked it very much. One day they went to the zoo in Budapest and saw two kangaroos there.

　　These Australians were very happy because kangaroos were from their hometown. They said to them. “Come here, old friends! Come and see your Australian brothers!” But the kangaroos did not move.

　　But then the Hungarian Australian spoke to them in Hungarian. “Come here!” he said, and both of the kangaroos ran to him.

　　The other Australians laughed, and said,“Look at that. They're Australians, but they only know Hungarian!”

(1) The Hungarian moved to Australia ________.

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(2) The Hungarian wanted to go back to Hungary to ________.

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(3) How did they get to Budapest from Sydney?

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(4) Kangaroo is a kind of famous ________ in Australia.

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　　The world is not only hungry, it is also thirsty for water. This may seemstrange to you, since nearly 75％of the earth's surface is covered with water. But about 97％ of this huge amount is seawater, or salt water. Man can only drink and use the other 3％--the fresh water that comes from rivers, lakes, underground, and other sources. And we cannot even use all of that, because some of it is in the form of icebergs and glaciers. Even worse, some of it has been polluted.

　　However, as things stand today, this small amount of fresh water, which is constantly being replaced by rainfall is still enough for us. But our need for water is increasing rapidly almost everyday. Only if we take steps to deal with this problem now can we avoid a severe worldwide water shortage later on. A limited water supply would have a bad effect on agriculture and industry. Let me give you just one small example of how necessary water is to industry. Did you know that to produce a single ton of steel, it takes about 91000 litres of water?

　　We all have to learn how to stop wasting our precious water. One of the first steps we should take is to develop ways of reusing it. Experiments have already been done in this field, but only on small scale. The systems that have been worked out are similar to those used in spacecraft.

(1) “The world...is also thirsty for water.” this means that ________.

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A．the world has not enough fresh water to meet our future needs

B．people all over the world are thirsty for water now

C．we are now facing a serious problem of world-wide water shortage

D．we cannot make use of all the fresh water on earth

(2) According to the passage, only about ________ of the earth's surface is covered with fresh water that can be used.

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(3) We may face a severe worldwide water shortage in the future because ________.

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A．the small amount of fresh water is constantly being replaced by rainfall

B．some of it has been polluted

C．some of it is in the form of icebergs and glaciers

D．our need for fresh water is increasing rapidly

(4) According to the passage, one of the first problems is ________.

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A．to deal with water problem now

B．to have lectures on the water subject

C．to develop ways of reusing water

D．to work out systems that resemble those used in spacecraft

(5) This passage is mainly about ________.

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　　A fire drill is, to put it mildly, an inconvenient exercise at the best of times. A fire drill at 2:00 in the morning in terrible weather conditions, like the one we had on Thursday night Friday morning last week, is incomparably more inconvenient. That is why I am writing this note to thank you all most sincerely for your excellent cooperation and the spirit with which you endured the inconvenience.

　　A fire drill is not a meaningless exercise. It is an extremely serious one and can, in fact, save lives in the long run. Last week's fire drill has already shown a number of important precautions（预防措施）in the hall. For instance, there seem to exist a number of “deaf spots” in the hall, namely, the two rooms in the purser house and some rooms in the bottom corridor. I have no reason to doubt that residents from these areas could not hear the alarm. I shall request an immediate examination of this problem.

　　I should, also remind you that it is a requirement that fire drills are regularly carried out (at least two in every one year) and each resident is made fully aware of this and take part. All residents must take fire precautions with enough seriousness. Failure to do so can result in heavy fires and moving out of the hall. Thank you again for your cooperation.

(1) This note is made to ________.

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(2) Last fire drill caused much more trouble because ________.

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(3) Some people did not make their appearance at the drill because ________.

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A．they were deaf

B．they could not hear the alarm

C．nobody waked them up

D．they had some other reasons

(4) According to the speaker, a fire drill is extremely important for ________.

[　　]

A．it is a good physical exercise

B．it can save lives in case a fire starts

C．it is required by law

D．it can make people get more used to the inconvenience