The Guidance Department(教导处)at Burrville High School has a staff(职员)of eleven．Most of their work is done with the students．But the staff sees a lot of parents, too．

　　“Parent meetings form a clear monthly pattern,”says Mildred Foreman, Guidance Director．“This pattern stays much the same from year to year．The busy months are October, March and May．”

　　September starts rather slowly．Few parents come in, Most of these want to discuss the schedules(日程安排)．October brings many behaviour(行为)problems．Some parents are called in．Others come by themselves．Things quiet down in November December is a quiet month．“It’s the holiday,”Ms Foreman says．“People want to come in, I know, but they decide to wait until after New Year’s Day．”

　　Report cards go home just before Christmas holidays．Bad marks bring parents in as school reopens．This happens again in March, another report card month．May is always the year’s busiest month．That’s when parents realize that their children might be held back(留级)．They come in to see if anything can be done before things are decided in June．

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　　The most important use of drifting(漂流)bottles is to find ocean currents．When the position and direction of currents are known, ships can use the forward movement of a current or stay away from currents that would carry them off their course．Benjamin Franklin was one of the first to use bottles in the study of currents．He wondered why British mall ships needed a week or two longer than U．S．ships needed in order to cross the Atlantic Ocean．Franklin thought the Gulf Stream(墨西哥湾流)might explain this difference．

　　Franklin talked with captains of U．S．ships．He found that they knew each turn of the Gulf Stream．They used the current in every possible way．From his talks with the captains．Franklin made his first map of the Gulf Stream．Then he checked his map by using sealed(密封的)bottles．The map that he finally made is still used, with only a few changes, today．

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Grandma was a wonderful story-teller, and she had a set of priceless, individually(独特地)tailored stories with which American grandparents of her day brought up children．There was the story of the little boys who had been taught complete, quick obedience(服从)．One day when they were out on the grassy plain, their father shouted．“Fall down on your faces!”They did, and the terrible prairie(草原)fire swept over them and they weren’t hurt．There was also the story of three boys at school, each of whom received a cake sent from home．One saved his, and the mice ate it; one ate all of his, and he got sick; and who do you think had the best time?－Why, of course, the one who shared his cake with his friends．

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　　When we see well, we do not think about our eyes very often．It is only when we cannot see perfectly that we realize how important our eyes are．

　　People who are near-sighted can only see things that are very close to their eyes, Everything else seems blurry(＝unclear)．Many people who do a lot of work, such as writing, reading and sewing become near－sighted．Then

　　People who are far-sighted suffer from just the opposite problem．They can see things that are far away, but they have difficulty in reading a book unless they hold it at arm’s length．If they want to do much reading ,they must get glasses, too．

　　Other people do not see clearly because their eyes are not exactly the right shape．They have what is called astigmatism(散光)．This, too, can be corrected by glasses．Some people’s eyes become cloudy because of cataracts(白内障)．Long ago these people often became blind．Now, however, it is possible to operate on the cataracts and remove them．

　　Having two good eyes is important for judging distances．Each eye sees things from a slightly different angle(角度)．To prove this to yourself, look at an object our of one eye; then look at the same object out of your other eye．You will find the object’s relation to the background and other things around it has changed．The difference between these two different eye views helps us to judge how far away an object is．People who have only one eye cannot judge distance as people with two eyes．

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　　When Dean Arnold got his first job, he was miserable(痛苦的)，Each time he went to work, he coughed and he couldn’t breathe．Working in a bakery(面包房)when you are allergic to(对…过敏)flour can be painful．

　　But Arnold stayed with the National Biscuit Company for ten years．He was a businessman and he helped them improve production．At last his health problems became too serious．He left and formed his own company．

　　With his wife and mother, he founded Arnold Bakery．They tried new recipes(配方)．changing the kind and amount of flour used．This enabled Arnold to work there without too much pain．The bread, made with unbleached flour(标准粉)，was baked in a brick oven(烘炉)．

　　They began by baking two dozen loaves．The bread was sold door to door for fifteen cents a loaf．Winning customers to his unusual, old-fashioned bread took time．But Arnold, struggling against his allergy, built his bakery into one of the largest in the United States．

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　　When Dean Arnold got his first job, he was miserable(痛苦的)，Each time he went to work, he coughed and he couldn’t breathe．Working in a bakery(面包房)when you are allergic to(对…过敏)flour can be painful．

　　But Arnold stayed with the National Biscuit Company for ten years．He was a businessman and he helped them improve production．At last his health problems became too serious．He left and formed his own company．

　　With his wife and mother, he founded Arnold Bakery．They tried new recipes(配方)．changing the kind and amount of flour used．This enabled Arnold to work there without too much pain．The bread, made with unbleached flour(标准粉)，was baked in a brick oven(烘炉)．

　　They began by baking two dozen loaves．The bread was sold door to door for fifteen cents a loaf．Winning customers to his unusual, old-fashioned bread took time．But Arnold, struggling against his allergy, built his bakery into one of the largest in the United States．

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Now I’d like to talk to you about your final exam．The exam will be held next Thursday, the last day of the exam week．Remember to bring two of three pens in case you run out of ink．And unlike the midterm exam, this test will not include multiple－choice questions; it will consist entirely of essays(文章)．You’ll have to answer three of the five essay questions．The exam will be comprehensive(全面的)，which means you’ll be responsible for all of the subject matters we covered in class this term, I would suggest you review your midterm exam as well as textbooks and your class notes．The final exam will count as 50 percent of your grade of the course．The research project(项目)will count as 20 percent and the midterm exam 30 percent．I’ll be in my office almost all day next Tuesday．If you run into any problems, please drop in．Good luck to you and I’ll see you on Tuesday．

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We are used to the idea of aging in ourselves．We are so used to this that it comes as a surprise to find that there may be some animals that do not age．Sea anemones(海葵)are an example．Some have been kept for nearly a century without showing any signs of lifelessness．Some kinds of sea worms can even“grow backwards．”If kept in the dark and given nothing to eat, they get steadily smaller, They finally end as a ball of cells(细胞)looking rather like the egg from which they came．Under good conditions the ball will turn back to a worm and start growing again．One could probably keep them growing and un-growing again and again．

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In today’s age of fast travel, the world seems a smaller place－and to some people, a less exciting place, Fifty years ago only a few English people and holidays abroad, People who didn’t travel thought of other countries as very far away and different．For example, people thought the French all eat garlic(大蒜)，the Italians all eat spaghetti(细条实心面)．and the Americans all drink Coca Cola, These definite(明确的)ideas of other nationalities are called stereotypes(陈规老套)．But do we have the same stereotypes today?People travel more, we all watch the same TV programmes, and ideas travel quickly too．Nowadays everyone eats garlic and spaghetti and drinks Coca Cola．Everyone listens to the same music．wears the same fashions(流行式样)，buys the same cars．They just do it in a different language!

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　　Elizabeth Blackwell was born in England in 1821, and moved to New York City when she was ten years old．One day she decided that she wanted to become a doctor．That was nearly impossible for a woman in the middle of the nineteenth century．After writing many letters asking for admission(录取)to medical schools, she was finally accepted by a doctor in Philadelphia．She was so determined that she taught school and gave music lessons to get money for the cost of schooling．

　　In 1849, after graduation from medical school．she decided to further her education in Paris．She wanted to be a surgeon(外科医师)，but a serious eye problem forced her to give up the idea．

　　Upon returning to the United States, she found it difficult to start her own practice because she was a woman．By 1857 Elizabeth and her sister, also a doctor, along with another woman doctor, managed to open a new hospital, the first for women and children Besides being the first woman physician and founding her own hospital, she also set up the first medical school for women．

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