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　　There are three branches of medicine．One is called "doctor medicine, " or "scientific medicine"．Scientific doctors try to observe sicknesses, look for logical patterns, and then find out how the human body works．From there they figure out what treatments may work．This kind of medicine is believed to date from the 4th century BC．Although nowadays it is successful, in the ancient world this method probably didn't cure many patients．

　　A second kind of medicine is called "natural cures, " or "folk medicine, " in which less educated people try to cure sicknesses with various herbs．These folk healers also use observation and logic, but they don't realize it．They try things until they find something that seems to work, and then they keep doing that．Folk medicine widespread long before the development of scientific medicine and was more successful in ancient times than doctor medicine．

　　The third kind is called "health spas, " or "faith healing．" Sometimes this may be as simple as touching the holy(圣)man and being immediately healed．Other times, a magician may make you a magic charm, or say a magic word, to cure you．Some religious groups organize special healing centers for the sick．In these places people rest, get plenty of sleep, eat healthy food, drink water instead of wine, and exercise in various ways．They also pray to the gods．If you are feeling sad or you have been working too hard, going to these places may be just the right thing to make you feel better．

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　　For more than six million American children, coming home after school means coming home to an empty house．Some deal with the situation by watching TV．Some may hide．But all of them have something in common．They spend part of each day alone．They are called latchkey children．They're children who look after themselves while their parents work．And their bad condition has become a subject of concern．

　　Lynette Long was once the headmistress of an elementary school．She said, "We had a school rule against wearing jewelry．A lot of kids had chains around their necks with keys fastened．I was constantly telling them to put them inside their shirts．There were so many keys．It never came to my mind what they meant．" Slowly, she learned they were house keys．

　　She and her husband began talking to the children who had them．They learned of the impact(影响)working couples and single parents were having on their children．Fear is the biggest problem faced by children at home alone．One in each three latchkey children the Longs talked to reported being scared．Many had nightmares and were worried about their own safety．

　　The most common way latchkey children deal with their fears is by hiding．It might be in a shower stall, under a bed, or in a closet．The second is TV．They'll often play it at high volume．It's hard to get statistics(情况)on latchkey children, the longs learned．Most parents are slow to admit they leave their children alone．

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　　Turning on the TV, a wonderful scene comes to your eyes－a group of men, tall, strong and handsome, and women, young, beautiful and attractive, too．Together they eat in the finest restaurants, traveling everywhere around the world by luxurious planes and pleasure ships．They are models．

　　Do you envy them? What sort of life are models leading? Is it a wonderful life for a young lady or a young man?

　　A few models are well-known actors or actresses who can make a lot of money only by showing themselves off in commercials．But the majority of them are just curious to see what it is like．They’d like to be models just because they are attracted by what they imagine－models earn a lot of money and lead a glorious life．This is true for those who are very successful．However, most models find it difficult to get work．Very few can earn enough to live on, and for all models their expenses are high．Their agents claim about 20% of the earnings, and no model will get very far without a clever agent．Besides, they have to buy good clothing．They also have to pay to travel to interviews and reach the places where the work is to be done．

　　Interviews for a model job are known as cattle-markets in the modeling world, and not without a good reason．A top model can choose his or her work, demand and receive high fees and has his or her expenses paid．But for most models, the situation is quite different．And agent or employer inspects each model much as a farmer inspects cattle at a market．Intelligence, qualifications and personal characteristics count for little against good looks and tight figures．For all except the very few lucky ones, the life of a model is a continual search for work, trying to sell himself or herself in the face of fierce competition and, sometimes, not particularly moral standards on the part of some employers．

　　Immigration officials at airport look suspiciously at a girl whose passport shows her occupation as “Model”, and these are men and women of considerable experience of the world．It comes no surprise to find that some models prefer to put “Secretary” or “Businessman” as their jobs in their passports．

　　Modeling is a changeable world with great rewards for a tiny minority but not for the majority．

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　　Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible．If we are to solve the nursing shortage, hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel example．

　　At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his motional state．Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient’s illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary．

　　The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor．If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to the doctor．What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague．

　　Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized nursing administration; every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization．There are nurse managers instead of head nurses; in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations．Each unit’s nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when．

　　Beth Israel’s nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital．She is also a member of the Medical Executive Committee, which in most hospitals includes only doctors．

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　　The Gloria Barron Prize honors American young people from 8 to 18 who have shown leadership and courage in public service．Each year ten winners each receive ＄2,000 to support their higher education or their service work．

　　Ellie Wen, 18, was volunteering at a community center in Los Angeles．The center was set up to help immigrant(移民的)families．She happened to meet adults in an EFL(English as a foreign language)class．“When I saw them struggling hard, I wondered how people in poor countries could learn English, ” Ellie said．

　　So she started a Website, “Repeat After Us”, where people can listen to English and practice their accents．Volunteers have helped Ellie record more than 6, 600 texts, including Abraham Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address”．

　　Hard work pays off．There were so many times that Ellie was discouraged, but she stuck to it．The Website crashed early on, and all the recordings were lost．But volunteers worked together vigorously to start over, and the visitors returned to the site．

　　“Just follow your idea and know that the world is so kind．Even if you do have trouble, people will help you, ” Ellie said．

　　“I was really excited the first month, when we had 49 visitors, ” she said．Now, more than 480, 000 people from all over the world have visited the site．“I get e-mails from China, Egypt, India, and Brazil．They say, ‘Thank you so much for this resource, we’ve been waiting for it for so long!’” Ellie loves knowing she is helping so many people．

　　Gloria Barron Prize winners like Ellie are enthusiastic about the work they do．And they encourage others to join in if they see a need．Anybody can be negative, but it takes somebody brave to be positive．Are you the brave one?

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　　African-American talk show queen Oprah Winfrey is the world’s most powerful celebrity(名人), according to Forbes(福布斯)magazine．It placed Winfrey at the top of the annual ranking of the 100 people with the biggest pull(影响力)．

　　Winfrey, 51, draw 30 million viewers weekly in the United States．Her talk show reaches 112 countries．She earned US ＄225 million over the past 12 months to rank second in celebrity riches．The annual Forbes list gives most weight to annual earnings．But it also looks at the celebrity’s presence on the Internet and in the media．“After 21 years, her exciting chat show still rules the airwaves, ” the magazine said．

　　Winfrey is most popular with her popular talk show “The Oprah Winfrey Show”．She can always attract the superstars and let them open up to her intimate interviewing style．Winfrey’s approach appears to be simple．She is in a pursuit(追求)of self-improvement and self-empowerment．This has proved to be just what people, especially women, want．

　　Winfrey often talks about her personal secrets on her show．That pulls in viewers．For example, she made it known that she had been sexually abused as a child, and has spoken freely of her struggle with her weight．

　　Her success has not just been on the screen．Her media group includes a women’s TV network and websites for women．Her work has extended to social change．In 1991, she did a lot of work for the National Child Protection Act．She testified before the US Senate to establish a national database(数据库)of dangerous child abusers．The then President Bill Clinton later signed the “Oprah Bill” into law．

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　　Most of us use the telephone several times a day to talk with friends or make social arrangements．These calls are usually quite easy and require little planning．

　　Using the telephone for business purpose is different．In any organization the person on the telephone represents the company and gives an impression of the firm to the outside world．

　　If you want to ensure good public relations, you need to master effective telephone techniques．

　　You should try to give an impression of an efficient, friendly, progressive company eager to give good service．

　　Choose the right time．Consider the cost, urgency and convenience．When calling overseas you need to consider the time difference．

　　Check the number．A great deal of money is wasted each year on dialing wrong numbers．

　　Plan your call．Make a list of points and questions to be raised．

　　Be prepared．Gather any files, papers or information that may be needed during the call．It is unprofessional to have to say “Hold on while I look for that．”

　　If you have to ask a caller to hold on, keep going back and assuring him/ her that you will be as quick as possible．

　　Avoid interruptions．Call at a time when you are unlikely to be distracted．

　　During the call

　　Be courteous, polite．Make time for suitable greetings like “How are you today, Jim?” and “Did you enjoy your holiday?”

　　Put a smile in your voice．Remember, your caller can’t see you, so use intonation to good effect and try to sound confident, decisive, helpful and interested．

　　Check your notes．Look back at your notes to ensure that you have covered everything and quote figures and other data correctly．

　　Obtain feedback．Make sure that caller understands the message correctly, especially where deadlines and actions that are involved．

　　Be courteous．Finish by thanking the caller for his or her time and trouble．

　　After the call

　　Make notes．Let it become a habit to make notes of the call and place them in an appropriate file．

　　Take actions．If you need to send a letter of confirmation or inform someone in your organization about any details of the call, do some immediately so that you do not forget important points．

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　　Best director winner Ang Lee poses with his Oscar at the 78th annual Academy Awards in Hollywood, March 5, 2006．Lee won for his work in “Brokeback Mountain．”

　　Lee is the first Chinese to receive the honor, considered the highest in American cinema and the most influential worldwide．

　　“I'm deeply proud of him, ” gushed Kale Wang, granddaughter of Wang Dulu, whose martial arts novel inspired Lee's “Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon” in 2000．

　　Kate Wang, a public relations executive at the American Chamber of Commerce in Beijing, said that she considered Lee a family friend and that his win is one more evidence to his excellent talent at exploring the subtleties(微妙)of human feelings．

　　“Ang Lee's movie is very touching．It's simple but perfect, ” commented Zhang Yuan, a Chinese film director of the “Sixth Generation”．“I sincerely congratulate him．He is the pride of all Chinese directors everywhere．”

　　Despite the Best Director nod, the film “Brokeback Mountain” lost to “Crash” in the Best Picture category．It was widely seen as an upset because “Brokeback” had been winning many awards, from the Golden Bear in Venice, to the Golden Globe and the Independent Spirit Awards, and was seen by most observers as a shoo - in(呼声)for the highest Oscar．

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　　Every pet owner loves his pet．There is no argument here．

　　But when we asked our readers whether they would clone their beloved animals, the responses were split almost down the middle．Of the 228 readers who answered it, 108 would clone, 111 would not and nine weighed each side without offering an opinion．

　　Clearly, from readers' response, this is an issue that reaches deeply into both the joy and eventual sadness of owning a pet．It speaks, as well, to people's widely differing expectations over the developing scientific procedure．

　　Most of the respondents who favored the idea strongly believed it would produce at least a close copy of the original; many felt the process would actually return an exact copy．Those on the other side, however, held little hope a clone could never truly recreate a pet, many simply didn't wish to go against the natural law of life and death．

　　Both sides expressed equal love for their animals．More than a few respondents owned“the best dog/cat in the world”．They thought of their pets as their “best friend”,“a member of the family ,”“the light of my life．” They told moving stories of pets' heroism, intelligence and selfless devotion．

　　Little wonders the loss is so disturbing－and the cloning so attractive．“People become very close to their animals, and the loss can be just as hard to bear as when a friend or family member dies ,”says Gary Kowalski, author of Goodbye, Friend：Healing Wisdom for Anyone Who Has Ever Lost a Pet．“For me, cloning feels like an attempt to turn death away…It's understandable．Death is always painful．It's difficult to deal with．It's hard to accept．”

　　But would cloning reduce the blow? This question seemed to be at the heart of this problem．

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　　We have saved as a final set of emotions the two most important emotions(情感)towards other people：love and its opposite, hate．Love can be seen everywhere．Yet surprisingly, love has been the subject of less scientific research than other emotions, such as anger and fear．The reason for this may be twofold．First, love is a very complex(复杂的)emotion, difficult to describe and measure．Secondly, unlike many extreme emotions, extreme love is generally not a problem; thus less medical attention has been paid to it．

　　What is love? This is a complex question and requires a complex answer．Love is a lasting, strong, positive attraction and feeling for another person or thing．But it is more than this．It also includes feelings of caring, protection and excitement．When two people are in love, they feel drawn to one another; they greatly enjoy each other's company; and they may be sexually attracted to one another．

　　Sometimes it is easier to think in terms of different kinds of love：“puppy” love, romantic love, brotherly love, and so forth．Though they differ in some respects, they share one important characteristic：a strong positive feeling toward another．

　　Our feelings toward other people are often complex．We may love someone and, at the same time, be angry with him．Or we may love someone, even though we envy him．We might even love someone and, at the same time, hate him for some specific reason．Hate is a strong negative emotion toward someone, and is due to anger, or some other factor．Like love, hate can be a very strong emotion．It can also be very dangerous．The question is often asked, “Is it bad to hate?” The best answer is probably “sometimes yes and sometimes no．” Usually hate does not help us; it makes us feel unhappy and makes us do things that may hurt others．However, sometimes it may be necessary to hate and hurt someone in order to protect loved ones．

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