Protests (抗议) at the use of animals in research have taken on a new and fearful character in Britain with the attempted murder of two British scientists by the terrorist (恐怖分子的) technique of the pre－planted car–bomb．

　　The research community (社团) will rightly be alarmed at these developments which have two aims ：to draw public attention and to frighten people working in research with animals．The scientists insist that everything should be done to identify those responsible for the crimes and to put them on trial．The Defense Research Society has taken the practical step of offering a reward of ￡10，000 for information leading to those responsible ，but past experience is not encouraging．People are unlikely to be attracted by such offers．The professional police will similarly be challenged by the problem of finding a needle in a haystack．

　　That is why the intellectual (知识分子) community in Britain and elsewhere must act more strongly in its own defense．There are several steps that can be taken ，of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared aims of defending the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people．And it will not be enough for the chairman and chairwoman of these organizations to make placatory (安抚的) statements on behalf of all their members．These people should also promise that it will be a test of continuing membership in their organizations that members and would－be members should declare that they will take no part in acts of violence against human beings．

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

　　Paris in the springtime was ，is and always will be ，something rather special．Why not experience it for yourself with this excellent break for four days ? This attractive city has something to offer to everyone and with prices at just ￡129．

　　Your break begins with comfortable bus transfer (运送) from local pick－up points and travel to Paris is via cross－channel ferry ，arriving at your hotel in the evening．The Ibis is an excellent quality hotel with private equipments in all rooms ： satellite TV，radio ，telephone and alarm clock．It has a bar and restaurant and is situated about two miles south of Notre Dame enabling you to explore Paris with ease．

　　The following day ，after continental breakfast (included)，the bus takes you on a comprehensive sightseeing tour of the city ，during which you will see the Eiffel Tower ，Champs Elysees ，L’Arc de Triomphe ，the Louvre ，in fact almost every famous landmark you have ever heard of．You then leave Paris and take a short drive to the magnificent Palace of Versailles ，the home of Louis XIV．The tour ends mid－afternoon back in Paris where you will have the remainder of the day at your leisure (闲 暇)．In the evening there is a “ Paris by Night” tour showing you the beautiful buildings with bright lights．

　　Day three takes you to Montmarter ，Perhaps the most attractive quarter of Paris and home of the Sacre Coeur and the Moulin Rouge．In the afternoon you are free to explore this beautiful city as you wish ，perhaps a pleasure voyage on the River Seine ，wander around the beautiful gardens or look among the antique shops (古董店)．In the evening you will have the opportunity to visit the best nightclub in the city ，the splendid Paradis Latain．On the final day it’s back to the UK via channel ferry．

　　Included in the price of ￡129 per person ：

●Return comfortable bus travel to Paris

●Return ferry crossings

●3 nights housing in a twin bedded room in a Central Paris hotel with private facilities

●Continental breakfast during your stay

●Guided sightseeing tour of “Paris by Day” and Paris by Night”

●Visit to the Chateau of Versailles (admission not included )

●Tour around Montmartre

●Services of experienced bi－lingual tour guide at all times

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

　　In 1939 two brothers ，Mac and Dick DmcDonald ，started a drive –in restaurant in Sna Bemadino ，California．They carefully chose a busy corner for their location．They had run their own businesses for years ，first a theater ，then a barbecue restaurant ，then a barbecue restaurant ，then another drive－in．But in their new operation ，they offered a new ，shortened menu： French fries ，hamburgers ，and sodas．To this minimal selection they added one new concept ： quick service ，o waiters or waitresses ，and no tips．

　　Their hamburgers sold for fifteen cents．Cheese was another four cents．Their French fries and hamburgers had a remarkable uniformity (相同性) ，for the brothers had developed a strict routine for the preparation of their food ，and they insisted on their cook’s sticking to the routine．Their new drive－in became incredibly (非常地) popular ，particularly for lunch．People rove up by the hundreds during the busy noontime．The self－service restaurant was so popular that the brothers had allowed ten copies of their restaurant to be opened ； they were content with this small success until they met Ray Kroc．

　　Kroc was a salesman who met the McDonald brothers in 1954，when he was selling milk shake mixing machines．He quickly saw the unmatched appeal of the brother’s fast food restaurant and bought the right to franchise (出售特许权) other copies of their restaurants．The agreement signed included the right to copy the men ，the equipment ，and even their red and white buildings with the golden arches．

　　Twenty years after the day Ray Kroc watched people rush up to order fifteen –cent hamburgers ，McDonalds had over $ 1 billion in total sales a year．today McDonalds is a world famous name．Its first twenty－two years is one of the most incredible success stories I modern American business history．

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

　　One sixth of undergraduates (本科生) in Beijing this year have registered at a driving school．The students ，mostly from majors such as business management or international trade ，will finish there driving courses within 20 days or so．

　　Training costs have dropped to ，2，600yuan for students ，according to the Haidian Driving School in Beijing．The price is not really low ，but students will accept it ，seeing it as an investment (投资) in their future．Familiarity with the operation of computers and fluent English are the basic skills graduating students need to find a job．But a driver’s permit has become another factor．

　　“In the job market ，owning a driver’s permit sometimes strengthens a graduating student’s competitiveness for a good position ，” says Zhou Yang ，an undergraduate at the China University of Political Science and Law．

　　Cars will become a necessary part of many people’s lives in the coming years ，and it’s difficult to get a permit out of campus because of the pressures on working people’s time．“Having a full－time job after graduation offers limited time to learn to drive．We senior students have plenty of spare time ，plenty of opportunities to learn．”

　　Xu Jian ，an official at the driving school，said undergraduates were very able and serious ，and could grasp in an hour what it took ordinary people four hours to learn．In this driving school，middle－aged people ，young women and college students are the main customers．

　　To get a driver’s permit ，a beginner is now required to have at least 86 hours’ practice before the final road test．

(1)

(2)

(3)

　　Stone Hill Mall has fewer large department stores than most malls but， instead， features more than 100 small specialty shops， while the few that are not used yet will be filled as soon as the mall’s owners find proprietors(业主) who fit the mall’s image．

　　One thing that makes Stone Hill Mall popular was that all of the stores remain open form 9 am．until 10 pm．， Monday through Friday．This favorable start has certainly been advantageous thanks to such features as its being the only shopping center in the area to provide free baby－sitting for children from two to eight years old and its offering restaurants to suit every pocket， with the possible exception of the highly budget－conscious．Furthermore， as far as movie entertainment is concerned．Stone Hill Mall tops Westgate Mall， which looked very impressive when it opened has hast year， with three separate cinemas．

　　Besides， the air－conditioning system makes sure a comfortable inside temperature of 25 degrees centigrade no matter what the weather is like outside， and in addition to is three beautiful fountains， the mall has a quiet garden area with comfortable benches and chairs for shoppers who have become tired．

　　One complaint about Stone Hill Mall is that it is located outside the city， but there is a regular bus service between the mall and the city center．A further complaint might be that， although the mall is surrounded by trees to mix it with the scenery， it will be some years before these can effectively make the main buildings and the vast buildings and the vast parking lot a part of the area around．

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

　　Stratford –on－Avon， as we all know， has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two clearly separate and different branches．There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC)， which presents excellent productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon．And there are townsfolk who largely live on the tourists who come， not to see the play， but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage， Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights．

　　The townsfolk of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their income．They frankly dislike the RSC actors， those who walk with Jong hair and beard and great noise．

　　The tourist stream are not entirely separate．The sightseers， who come by bus and often take in Warwick on the side， don’t usually see the plays．And some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford．However， the playgoers do manage a little sight－seeing along with their play－going．It is the playgoers， the RSC declares， who bring in much of the town’s income because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights ) pouring money into hotels and restaurants．The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall．

　　The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local government does not put away some money for the RSC．Stratford cries poor traditionally．Nevertheless， every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or a cocktail room．Hilton is building its own hotel there， which you will be sure will be decorated with Hamburger bars， dinner rooms ad so forth， and will be very expensive．

　　Anyway， the townsfolk can’t understand why the RSC needs help from the government．The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row．Last year， its 1，431 seats were 94 occupied all year long and this year they will do better．The reason， of course， is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed the same．It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive customers．They come entirely for the plays， not the sights．They all seem to look alike， though they come from all over．

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

　　If you’re training for a marathon， a proper plan for water intake (摄入) is important．Of course， there’s the risk of dehydration (脱水)．But athletes now know they can also get into trouble by drinking to much．To much water intake can lower levels of sodium (钠) in the blood．The death of a 28－year－old woman following the Boston Marathon caught the attention of many runners and led to new research．

　　Experts advise long distance runners to replace the liquids they sweat out．Their goal is to try to keep someone from not getting dehydrated by more than 2 percent of their body weight．

　　One technique for deciding how much water you need is to get the exact numbers．Runners have to weight themselves before and after a run to determine how much water they’ve lost．If their weight drops by more than 2 percent， they have not drunk enough water．

　　Hyponatremia occurs when runners drink so much water that blood salt levels drop off．A study published last year tested 488 runners who completed the Boston Marathon and found 13 percent of them had dangerously low blood salt levels．The first sign that runners may notice is slightly swelling in the hands．They can’t get their rings off， and then they might feel sick．They may not remember where they are．In fact， most runners get enough salt to get back to normal levels by eating just one meal after a run．Contrary to the old advice that runners should drink as much as they can to prevent dehydration， the new research has shown that the body is a remarkable machine that actually tells you via thirst when you need water．

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

　　It cam as something of a surprise when Diana， Princess of Wales， made a trip to Angola in 1997， to support the Red Cross campaign for a total ban on anti－personnel landmines (地雷)．Within hours of arriving in Angola， television screens around the world were filled with images of her comforting victims (受害者) injured in accidents caused by landmines．“I knew the huge numbers，” she said．“But putting a face to those figures brought the reality home to me ； like when I met Sandra， a 13－year－old girl who had lost her leg， and people like her．” The Princess concluded with a simple message：“We must stop landmines”．And she used every opportunity during her visit to repeat this message．

　　But， back in London， her views wee not shared by some members of the British government， which refused to support a ban on these weapons．Angry politicians started an attack on the Princess in the press ，They described her as “very ill－informed”．The Princess responded by brushing aside the eroticisms：“This is a prevention we do not need．All I’m trying to do is to help．” Opposition parties， the media and the public immediately voiced their support for the Princess．To make matters worse for the government， it soon appeared that the Princess trip bad been approved by the Foreign Office， and that she was in fact very well－informed about both the situation in Angola and the British government’s policy regarding laundries．the result was a sever blow on the government．

　　To try and limit the damage， the Foreign Secretary Malcolm Rifkidnd， said that the Princess’ views on landmines were not very different from the government’s policy， and that it was “working towards” a worldwide ban．The defence secretary， Michael Portillo declared the matter was “a misunderstanding”．For the Princess， the trip to this war－torn country was an excellent opportunity to use her popularity to show the world hw much destruction and suffering landmines can cause．She said that the experience had also given her the chance to get closer to people and their problems．

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

　　Everybody hates it， but everybody does it．A recent report said that 40% of Americans hate tipping．

　　In America alone， tipping is a $16 billion－a－year industry．Consumers acting politely ought not to pay more than they have to for a given service．Tips should not exist．So why do they? The common opinion in the past was that tips both rewarded the efforts of good service and reduced uncomfortable feelings of inequality．And also， tipping makes for closer relations．It went without saying that the better the service， the bigger the tip．

　　But according to new research from Cornell University， tips no longer serves any useful function．The paper analyzes numbers they got from 2547 groups dining at 20 different restaurants．The connection between larger tips and better service was very weak．Only a tiny part of the size of the tip had anything to do with the quality of service．

　　Tipping is better explained by culture than by the money people spend．In America， the custom came into being a long time ago．It is regarded as part of the accepted cost of a service．In New York restaurants， failing to tip at least 15% could well mean dissatisfaction from the customers．Hairdressers can expect to get 15%—20%， and the man who delivers your fast food $ 2．In Europe， tipping is less common．In many restaurants the amount of tip is decided by a standard service charge．In many Asian countries， tipping has never really caught on at all．Only a few have really taken to tipping．

　　According to Michael Lynn， the Cornell papers’ author， countries in which people are more social or outgoing tend to tip more．Tipping may reduce anxiety about being served by strangers．And， says， Mr．Lynn， “in America， where people are expressive and eager to mix up with others， tipping is about social approval．If you tip badly， people think less of you．“Tipping well is a chance to show off．”

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

　　The oldest forms of medicine are enjoying a comeback．Modern holistic medicine is an approach that treats the whole patient，not just the disease．It is a way to maintain good health rather than cure illness．The most important influences on today’s holistic medicine are ancient Chinese medicine and Indian Ayurvedic medicine， both of which promoted whole body health．

　　Holistic medicine usually combines diet，physical exercise and meditation， together with other alternative techniques such as massage(按摩)and acupuncture(针灸)．Herbal treatment，a practice of treating illness by using plants， is influenced by the writings of Culpeper as well as Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine．Homeopathy(顺势疗法)is one of the forms of holistic medicine which is widely practiced in Europe and the USA．Homeopathy began in Germany in the early 1800s， when Samuel Hahnemann described how very tiny doses(剂量)of a drug had an effect on his patients．According to Hahnemann， the more the drug was diluted(稀释)，the stronger its effects．The substance selected would produce similar effects to the disease itself if given in large doses．In the UK homeopathy is regarded as a non－traditional but just about acceptable treatment．

　　Meditation and contemplation have an important role in holistic medicine．They were brought to Europe by Indian teachers who combined Indian Ayurvedic medicine with Western beliefs．Transcendental meditation(超脱静坐)is one of the best known of these techniques．People repeat words inside their head to reach a state of deep relaxation．

　　The holistic movement has made many doctors look at the whole patient，not just the disease．Life－style， emotional problems and diet are just some of the factors that can affect a person’s health．Holistic medicine emphasizes good diet， exercise and fresh air，all of which contribute to health．Some clinics now offer holistic medicine along with traditional treatments，so that their patients can choose a combination of treatments that suits them．One problem with holistic medicine is that it is difficult for people to be sure a doctor is reliable．To solve this，many countries want alternative doctors to form professional bodies．

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)