阅读理解

　　Americans are proud of their variety and individuality (个性),yethey love and respect few things more than a uniform^, whether it is the uniform of a lift operator or the uniform of a five-star general．Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?

　　Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian (百姓的) clothes．People have become conditioned to expect higher quality from a man who wears a uniform．The television repairman who wears a uniform is likely to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes．Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic(修理工) is increased by a uniform．What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a hairdresser, or a waiter to lose professional identity (职业身份) than to step out of uniform?

　　Uniforms also have many practical good points．They are often more comfortable and more lasting than civilian clothes．

　　Primary*要点* among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them．Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement．When people look alike, they are likely to think, speak, and act similarly on the job at least．

　　Uniforms also give rise to*导致；引起* some practical problems．Though they are long-lasting, often their initial(最初的) expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes．Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering(洗涤) possible with many types of civilian clothes．

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阅读理解

　　WHO would have thought a man who lived in the Stone Age would be dressed in clothes made in China?A thousand-year-old mummy, nicknamed Otzi the Iceman was wearing a Chinese jacket, latest research has found．But where and how he got the jacket has become a topic of great debate．

　　Otzi is the nickname of a well-preserved (保存完好的)mummy from about 3300 BC He was found in 1991 in the Otztal Valley in the Alps, near the border between Austria and Italy．Two German tourists, Helmut and Erika Simon found him when they were climbing．

Otzi was thought to be the body of a soldier who fought during WWI but was found to be thousands of years older．Analyzing Otzi showed that the items with him were all of different ages．

　　His arrows are 7000 years old, the axe(斧头) belonged to a time hundreds of years later and the skin in which the man was dressed originally belonged to a goat that lived in China．Otzi’s tattoo(纹身) shows that he might have been a wizard(男巫)*witch女巫*, according to Prauda, the official newspaper in Russia．

　　There are still many mysteries surrounding otzi, yet the most famous and frightening one is his curse．It is said that Otzi had mystic(神秘的) powers and those who trouble his dead body will be doomed to die．Otzi has claimed(夺走生命) seven people so far．With the death of several people who have touched the remains of the ancient man, the“Otzi curse(咒语)”mystery has snowballed．

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阅读理解

　　When a cat is frightened, its heart starts beating faster, its muscles get tense, and there are changes in the chemicals in its blood-stream．If the danger continues, it will defend itself, or it will run away as fast as possible．

　　Something like this also happens to people．When we are excited, angry, scared or aroused(冲动) by others’ emotions, our bodies go through many physical changes, all of which make us more alert and ready to react．We, too, get ready to defend ourselves or run．Human beings, however, have a problem that animals never face．If we give way to our feelings and let them take over, we can get into trouble．Have you ever said something in anger－or hit somebody－and regretted it later?Have you ever shouted at a teacher, told somebody you were lonely, or said you were in love, and then wished later you had kept your mouth shut?It isn’t always wise to express your feelings freely．

　　Does this mean that it’s smarter always to hide our feelings?No!If you keep your feelings of anger, sadness, and bitterness hidden away or bottled up(掩饰) inside, your body stays tense．Physical illnesses can develop, and you can feel disturbed badly inside．It can actually be bad for your health．

　　You can try to treat emotions as if they were bananas in the cupboard．You can hide them and you can pretend they don’t exist, but they’ll still be around．And at last you’ll have to deal with them, just like those bananas．

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阅读理解

　　Traditionally，universities have carried out two main activities：research and teaching．Many scholars would argue that both these activities play a critical role in serving society．The basic question, however, is：How does society want or need to be served?

　　In recent years, universities have been coming under increasing pressure from both governments and the public to ensure that they do not remain“ivory towers”of study separated from the realities of everyday life．University teachers have been encouraged, and in some cases forced to provide more courses which provide graduates with the technical skills which are commercially useful．If Aristotle wanted to work in a university in the UK today, he would have a good chance of teaching computer science but would not be so readily employable as a philosopher．

　　A post-industrial society requires large number of computer programmers, engineers, managers and technicians to keep and develop its economic growth but“man”, as the Bible says,“does not live by bread alone．”Besides requiring medical and social services which do not directly be given to economic growth, the society should also value and enjoy literature, music and art．In these cost-sensible times, it has even been pointed out in being reasonable for the funding of the arts that they can be useful money earners．A successful musical, for example, can contribute as much to the Gross National Product through tourist dollars as any other things．

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　　Children start out a natural scientists, eager to look into the world around them． Helping them enjoy science can be easy; there’s no need for a lot of scientific terms or expensive lab equipment． You only have to share your children’s curiosity． Firstly, listen to their questions． I once visited a classroom of seven－year－olds to talk about science as a job． The children asked me “textbook questions” about schooling, salary and whether I liked my job． when I finished answering, we sat facing one another in silence． Finally I said, “Now that we’re finished with your lists, do you have questions of your own about science?”

　　After a long pause, a boy raised his hand, “Have you ever seen a grasshopper(蚱蜢) eat? When I try eating leaves like that, I get a stomachache． Why?”

　　This began a set of questions that lasted nearly two hours．

　　Secondly, give them time to think． Studies over the past 30 years have shown that, after asking a question, adults typically wait only one second or less for an answer, no time for a child to think． When adults increase their “wait time” to three seconds or more, children give more logical(符合逻辑的), complete and creative answers．

　　Thirdly, watch your language． Once you have a child involved(参加) in a science discussion, don’t jump in with “That’s right” or “Very good”． These words work well when it comes to encouraging good behavior． But in talking about science, quick praise can signal that discussion is over． Instead, keep things going by saying, “That’s interesting” or “I’d never thought of it that way before”, or coming up with more questions or ideas．

　　Never push a child to “think”． It doesn’t make sense． Children are always thinking, without your telling them to． What’s more, this can turn a conversation into a performance． The child will try to find the answer you want, in as few words as possible, so that he will be a smaller target for your disagreement．

　　Lastly, show; don’t tell． Real－life impressions of nature are far more impressive than any lesson children can learn from a book or television program． Let children look at their fingertips through a magnifying glass(放大镜),and they’ll understand why you want them to wash before dinner． Rather than saying that water evaporates(蒸发), set a pot of water to boil and let them watch the water level drop．

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　　Doctors say anger can be an extremely damaging emotion, unless you learn how to deal with it． They warn that anger can lead to heart disease, stomach problems, headaches, emotional problems and possibly cancer．

　　Anger is a normal emotion that we all feel from time to time． Some people express anger openly in a calm reasonable way． Others burst with anger, and scream and yell (咆哮)． But other people keep their anger inside． They can not or will not express it． This is called repressing anger．

　　For years many doctors thought that repressing anger was more dangerous to a person’s health than expressing it． They said that when a person is angry, the brain releases the same hormones (荷尔蒙)． They speed the heart rate, raise blood pressure, or sugar into the blood, etc． In general the person feels excited and ready to act．

Some doctors say that both repressing and expressing anger can be dangerous． They believe that those who express anger violently may be more likely to develop heart disease, and they believe that those who keep their anger inside may face a greater danger of high blood pressure．

　　Doctors say the solution (解决办法) is learning how to deal with anger． They say the first step is to admit that you are angry and to recognize the real cause of the anger, then decide if the cause is serious enough to get angry about． If it is, they say, “Do not express your anger while angry． Wait until your anger has cooled down and you are able to express yourself calmly and reasonably．”

　　Doctors say that a good way to deal with anger is to find humor in the situation that has made you angry． They said that laughter is much healthier than anger．

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　　The greatest recent changes have been in the lives of women． During the twentieth century there was an unusual shortening of the time of a woman’s life spent in caring for children． A woman marrying at the end of the 19th century would probably have been in her middle twenties, and would be likely to have seven or eight children, of whom four or five lived till they were five years old． By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother would have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which custom, chance and health made it unusual for her to get paid work． Today women marry younger and have fewer children． Usually a woman’s youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty－five and is likely to take paid work until retirement at sixty． Even while she has the care of children, her work is lightened by household appliances (家用电器) and convenience foods．

　　This important change in women’s way of life has only recently begun to have its full effect on women’s economic position． Even a few years ago most girls left school at the first opportunity and most of them took a full－time job． However, when they married, they usually left work at once and never returned to it． Today the school－leaving age is sixteen, many girls stay at school after that age, and though women tend to marry younger, more married women stay at work at least until shortly before their first child is born． Many more, afterwards, return to full or part－time work． Such changes have led to a new relationship in marriage, with both husband and wife accepting a greater share of the duties and satisfaction of family life, and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money and running the home, according to the abilities and interest of each of them．

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　　Any mistake made in the printing of a stamp raises its value to stamp collectors． A mistake on one inexpensive postage stamp has made the stamp worth a million and half times its original value．

　　The mistake was made more than a hundred years ago in the British colony of Mauritius, a small island in the Indian Ocean． In 1847 an order for stamps was sent to a London printer－Mauritius was to become the fourth country in the world to issue stamps．

　　Before the order was filled and delivered, a ball was planned at Mauritius’ Government House, and stamps were needed to send out the invitations． A local printer was instructed to copy the design for the stamps． He accidentally inscribed the words “Post Office ” instead of “Post Paid” on the several hundred stamps that he printed．

　　Today there are only twenty－six of these misprinted stamps left, fourteen One Penny Orange－Reds and twelve Two Penny Blues． Because of the Two Penny Blue’s rareness and age, collectors have paid as much as $ 16800 for it．

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A rock group called the Rocket Crew is on tour． Their agent has asked the town officials about Wilbour City on the tour． The stadium in the town is large enough to hold the expected crowd． Ticket sales in the area would be good because several towns are around Wilbour City． However, many people in the town don’t want a rock concert because they fear the damage the crowd might cause． To settle the problem about whether or not to invite the group to appear, the mayor(市长) took a poll(民意测验)． The results are:

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　　Trees should only be pruned (修剪) when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and ，he number of such reasons is small．Pruning involves the cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches ，and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way．

　　First ，pruning may be done to make sure that trees have desired shape or size．The object may be to get a tree of the right height ，and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches ，which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape．Secondly ，pruning may be done to make the tree healthier．You may cut out diseased or dead wood ，or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds．The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the center and so preventing the free movement of air．

　　One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease ，but it is a wound that will heal (愈合)．Often there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die ，so that there is a period when the tree is at risk．It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce that risk of death as far as possible．It is important to make the area ，which has been pruned ，smooth and clan ，for healing will be slowed down by roughness．You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours and then paint it with one of the materials available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose．Pruning is usually done in winter ，for then you can see the shape of the tree clearly without interference (妨碍) from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed．If this does happen ，it is ，of course ，impossible to paint them properly．

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