Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways．The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society．There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs．In addition(此外), there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance(容忍)in mixed societies．All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision．In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity(机会)for change because everything seems to be the same．And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed(明白的)．

　　Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects(方面)of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early, in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society rather than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex(复杂的) ones; form rather than in substance(物质); and in elements(元素)that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements．

　　Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual．For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale(规模)rather than one with sharp dichotomies(一分成)．This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities, because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts．

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　　The report came to the British on May 21,1941．The German battleship Bismarck, the most powerful warship in the world, was moving out into the Atlantic Ocean．Her task：to destroy the ships carrying supplies from the United States to war-torn English．

　　The British had feared such a task．No warship they had could match the Bismarck in speed or in firepower．The Bismarck had eight 15-inch guns and 81 smaller guns．She could move at 30 nautical(航海的)miles an hour．She was believed to be unsinkable．

　　However, the British had to sink her．They sent our a task force headed by their best battleship Hood to hunt down the Bismarck．On My 24, the Hood found the Bismarck．

　　It was a meeting that the German commander Luetjens did not want to see．His orders were to destroy the British ships that were carrying supplies, but to stay away from a fight with British warships．

　　The battle didn't last long．The Bismarck's first torpedo(鱼雷)hit the Hood, which went town taking all but three of her 1,419 men with her．

　　But in the fight, the Bismarck was slightly damaged．Her commander decided to run for repairs to France, which had at that time been taken by the Germans．The British force followed her．However, because of the Bismarck' s speed and the heavy fog, they lost sight of her．

　　For two days, every British ship in the Atlantic tried to find the Bismarck, but with no success．Finally, she was sighted by a plane from Ireland．Trying to slow the Bismarck down so that their ships could catch up with her, the British fired at her from the air．The Bismarck was hit．

　　On the morning of May 27, the last battle was fought．Four British ships fired on the Bismarck, and she was finally sunk．

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　　In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition(学会)of each new skill-the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing．It is often tempting(诱惑)to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child．This might happen at any stage．A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads．On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities(机会), he loses his natural enthusiasm(热情)for life and his desire to find out new things for himself．

　　Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children．Some may he especially strict in money matter, others are severe over times of coming home at night or punctuality(及时)for meals．In general, the controls imposed(施加的)represent(代表)the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness．

　　As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency(一致性)is very important in parental teaching．To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality(道德)．Also, parents should realize that example is better than percept(认知)”．If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach(说教), their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure(不确定)when they grow old enough to think forthemselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled．

　　A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents'principles and their morals can he a dangerous disappointment．

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　　A good modern newspaper is an extraordinary piece of reading．It is remarkable first what it contains：the range of news from local crime(犯罪)to international politics, from sports to business to fashion to science, and the range(范围)of comment and special features(特写)as well, from editorial page to feature articles, from interviews to criticism of books, art, theatre, and music．A newspaper is even more remarkable for the way one reads it never completely, never straight through, but always by jumping from here to there, in and out, glancing at one piece, reading another article all the way through, reading just a few paragraphs of the next．A good modern newspaper offers a variety to attract many different readers, but far more than any one reader is interested in．what brings this variety together in one place is its topicality(时事性), its immediate relation to what is happening in your world and your locality now．

　　But immediacy and the speed of production that goes with it mean also that much of what appears in a newspaper has no more than transient(短暂的)value．For all these reasons, not two people really read the same paper：what each person does is to put together, out of the pages of that day's paper, his own selection and sequence(顺序), his own newspaper．For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need but without wasting time, demands skill and self-awareness(意识)as you modify(改变)and apply the techniques of reading．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中，选出最佳选项．

　　Suppose you work in a big firm and find English very important for your job because you often deal with foreign businessmen．Now you are looking for a place where you can improve your English, especially your spoken English．

　　Here are some advertisements about English language training from newspapers．You may find the information you need．

　　Global English Center

　　●General English in all four skills：listening, speaking, reading and writing．

　　●3-month(700 yuan), 6-month(1, 200 yuan)and one-year(2, 000 yuan)courses．

　　●Choice of morning or evening classes．3 hours per day, Mon．-Fri．

　　●Experienced college English teachers．

　　●Close to city center and bus stops．

　　Tel：67605272 Add：105 Zhongshan Road, 100082

　　Modern Language School

　　●Special courses in English for business, travel, banking, hotel management and office skills．

　　●Small classes(12-16 students) on Sat．& Sun．from 2∶00－5∶00 pm．

　　●Native English teachers from Canada and USA．

　　●3-month course：1,050 yuan; 6-month course：1,850 yuan．

　　Write or phone：Modern Language School, 675 Park Road, 100056 Te1：67353019

　　The 21sh Century English Training Centre．

　　●We specialize in effective teaching at all levels．

　　●We offer morning or afternoon classes, both of which last three months and a half at a cost of 800 yuan．

　　●We also have a six-week TOEFL preparation class during winter and summer holidays．

　　●Entrance exams：June 1 and Dec．1．

　　●Only 15-minute walk from city center．

　　Call 67801642 for more information

　　The International House of English

　　●There/Six-month English courses for students of all levels at very low cost：60 yuan for 12 hours per week; convenient class hours：9∶00－12∶00 a.m．．and 2∶00－5∶00 p.m．

　　●A four-month evening program for developing speaking skills(same cost as day classes)．

　　●Well-trained Chinese and foreign teachers experienced in teaching English as a second/foreign language．

　　●Free sightseeing and social activities．

　　●Very close to the Central Park．

　　For further information call 67432308

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　　The male lion’s splendid mane(鬃毛)sets him apart from other cats-and it’s great attraction for the ladies-so why would he do without it? That question has puzzled scientists since 1833, when the first reports of“maneless”lions streamed in from around the world．Now．a research team reports that lions from the Tsavo region of Kenya deliberately delay mane growth to fit in with the region’s harsh temperatures．

　　John Patterson．a hunter and a British Colone1．Was one of the first to document manelessness in Tsavo’s famous man-eaters．Ever since．naturalists have developed more evolutionary descriptions．Some researchers suggested that lions lost their manes because they were caught too many times in Tsavo’s thorn bushes everywhere．Others argued that Tsavo’s aggressive lions have unusually high testosterone(雄激素)levels, known to cause male pattern baldness(秃顶)in humans Still others supposed that Tsavo’s lions were a distinct group of were related to a lion pictured in prehistoric caves，which no longer existed．

　　But expert Thomas Gnoske at the Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois, considered something these researchers didn’t：lion shipped to zoos in cooler climates grow longer manes．This made him wonder whether hot temperatures account for Tsavo’s thinning lions．To find out．Gnoske and his colleagues studied museum records and conducted 10 year of fieldwork in Tsavo and in the Serengeti．which is about l0 degrees cooler．In an article published online this month in the Jourmal of Zoology．the team reports that lions in the Serengeti grow a full mane in 5 years-by the time they’re ready to be parents-but that Tsavo’lions don’t have much of mane until age 8．well past their reproductive period．

　　Gnoske thinks smaller manes improve a young, energetic lion’s ability to keep cool．Bushy manes probably evolved to attract females in cooler climates where heat stress was not an issue, Gnoske says, and lions can’t just turn off that program, though they’re in a place like Tsavo．“They’re hard-wired to grow a mane；period, and they’ll develop as large of a mame as they possibly can．”

　　Scientist Roland Kays of the New York State Museum in Albany says he is surprised by the delay in mane development．However, he expresses concern about the accuracy of using field observations to judge the age of Tsavo’lions．Gnoske says his team is now focusing its research On Tsavo lions with known birth dates, but it will be a challenge to keep track of the wide-ranging animals, especially since radio collars are prohibited in Tsavo’s national parks．

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　　About The New Yorker：

　　The New Yorker is the wonderful magazine for readers interested in the arts, current events, and culture．The New Yorker includes articles on local and international news．exploring current ideas and trends, plus sports, fashion, and entertainment events．In addition, The New Yorker is well known of publishing outstanding short fiction and cartoons with an ironic twist．

　　About Playboy：

　　Playboy is a magazine of literature, political thought, sports, commentary and humor．Although Playboy is most well known for its pictorials of beautiful women, it is also highly regarded for its interviews and fiction writing．Playboy includes regular feature(特写)articles on finance, sports, entertainment, self-improvement, technology, and psychology．You must be 18 or older to order Playboy．

　　About Nickelodeon：

　　Nickelodeon is filled with wonderful entertainment for children．It is wholesome(健康的), imaginative, and truly from a child’s point of view．Nickelodeon sees the world from your child’s view．where it’s fun to laugh-to think-to do-to learn．Share the award-winning entertainment and humor magazine from Nickelodeon with your kids．

　　About Lucky：

　　Lucky is the necessary shopping magazine with the best looks, the best buys．and the best trends before they hit the stores．But what makes really unique is all the detailed information you’ll get on how to buy the goods you’ll find．Lucky provides you with 800 numbers, web site addresses, and more to make your shopping experience easy and convenient!Lucky is your one-stop shopping guide to all the greatest new products on the market．What’s more, it provides wonderful entertainment for women．

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　　The first time my eyes were opened to children’s rights was when I was 15．A representative of Free the Children gave a speech at my school, sharing this story I will never forget．Craig Kielburger was l2 when he came across an article about a boy of his age who escaped from child labor and was murdered for speaking about his experiences．Craig was upset and took the article to school．He asked who would help him and with a group of friends，started Free the Children．

　　Craig traveled to countries where he saw child laborers and poverty firsthand．He also started giving speeches to people three times his age．He was even nominated(提名)for a Nobel Peace Prize and received the Nelson Mandela Human Rights Award．His organization has already helped over a million children．

　　I could not believe a kid three years younger than me had accomplished so much．His story motivated everyone who heard it to do something about the problems of the world．

　　That first burst of awareness faded, but a year later an organization at my school announced a meeting about social justice．Mare Kielburger, the elder brother of Free the Children’s founder, came to my school to speak and for the second time I heard the story of how Craig started the organization, but this time from a person who had been there since the beginning．Mare described his visits to underdeveloped countries and the influence on his life．telling us how he met a group of street kids in the poor areas of Bangkok．Because none could remember their birthdays．they saved money all year and had one birthday party for all of them．

　　Mare was an amazing speaker．He told us how we could make a difference．I was completely attracted．

　　Free the Children had set up campaigns that help children get education, medical care and food．When our advisor, Ms．Spotswood, asked if we would like to get involved, We responded with a unanimous yes．

　　Our group set to work realizing our goal of helping build a school by raising＄6, 000．It was an great challenge, but if other children had done it, so could we．We made a float for our town’s Santa Claus parade where we collected over ＄200．For our next project we asked our fellow Catholic school students to donate five dollars during Lent(大斋戒期)．

　　I had been volunteering as a tutor at a grade school．but quit because I hadn’t found it interesting．After Marc Kielburger spoke，I began to volunteer again．It’s tough sometimes when the children don’t cooperate．but I think about all those children who can’t get an education and realize it’s all worth it．

　　Every child should get an education and Free the Children has helped me understand that．Devoted to the rights of children, it has also helped me see that I can do something to help other children．I have the power to change the world and I’m going to use it．I think when the students at our school see what their money has done．they will realize they can make a difference, too．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

　　If you feel at present that you don’t have enough．friends in your life, one reason may be that you have let yourself become too busy to make time for the relationships you already have．

　　Starting and keeping friendship requires effort and commitment．Many of us let our lives become so busy with work and other commitments that we don’t get around to scheduling time for pleasure and renewal(叙旧，更新)with the friends, relatives and acquaintances we already have．

　　Making the effort to call your friends more regularly and to accept more of the invitations you receive from others can improve your social life in a hurry!

　　Are there any people you could call right now and be assured of a pleasant welcome?Are there people that you could count onto help you in time of difficulty?Can you have close talks with them?Do you have fun when you are together?Are you happy to have them in your life?

　　If you haven’t seen much of them lately．is it because you have become too busy?Have you grown apart?Was there an argument?

　　If the main reason you haven’t been getting together with the people you already know is because you have gotten too busy．take a good look at how you spend your time．Compare it with your real values and priorities(优先考虑的事)in life．Is your busy lifestyle really bringing you the quality of life that you want?

　　If you have become too busy for friends, why has this happened?Are you seeking material toys in your life at the expense of relationships with other human beings?Have you allowed your time to be over－committed became you never say“No”to anyone?Do you insist on doing things yourself that could be delegated to others? If so, why?Do you believe that everything depends on you?

　　Examine whether the way you are now spending your time accurately reflects your deepest values and priorities．Make sure that you schedule adequate time for the things that are truly most important to you．

　　If you really want to keep friends in your life, make a space in your schedule, and a space in your heart for them．

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阅读理解

　　Drunken driving-sometimes called America’s socially accepted form of murder－has become a national epidemic(流行病)．Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed by drunken drivers，adding up to an incredible 250,000 Over the past ten years．A drunken driver is usually referred to as one with O．1O -blood alcohol content or roughly three beer glasses of wine or shots of whisky drunk within two hours．Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable part of the America manly image and judges were lenient in most courts, but the drunken killing has recently caused so many well-publicized tragedies, especially concerning young children, that public opinion is no longer so tolerant(忍受)．

　　Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21，reversing trend(逆转潮流)in the 1960s to reduce It to 18．After New Jersey lowered it to 18, the number of people killed by 18-20-year-old drivers more than doubled, so the state recently upped it back to 21．

　　Reformers，however, fear raising the drinking age will have little effect unless accompanied by educational programs to help young people to develop “responsible attitudes” about drinking and teach them to resist peer pressure to drink

　　Though new laws have led to increased arrests and tests many areas already, to a marked drop in accidents，some states are also punishing bars for serving customers too many drinks．A bar in Massachusetts Was fined for serving six or more double brandies to a customer who was “obviously drunk” and later drove the road, killing a nine-year-old boy．

　　As the accidents continue to occur daily in every state, some Americans are even beginning to speak well of the 13 years national prohibition(禁令)of alcohol that began in 1919，which President Hoover called the “noble experiment”。They forgot that legal

prohibition didn’t stop drinking, but encouraged political corruption(腐败)and organized crime．As with the booming drug trade generally, there is no easy solution．

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