In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child’s acquisition(学会)of each new skill－the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing．It is common that parents hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child．This might happen at any stage．A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, and a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads．On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm(热情)for life and his desire to find out new things for himself．

　　Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children．Some may be especially strict in money matters; others are severe over time of coming home at night or punctuality(准时)for meals．In general, the controls imposed(强加的)represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community(社区)as much as the child’s own happiness．

　　As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching．To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality．Also, parents should realize that“example is better than precept”．If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach(说教), their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled．

　　A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents’principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项。

　　Without most people realizing it, there has been a revolution in office work over the last ten years．Before that time, large computers were only used by large, rich companies that could afford the investment．With the advancement of technology, small computers have come onto the market, which are capable of doing the work that used to be done by much larger and expensive computers, so now most smaller companies can use them

　　The main development in small computers has been in the field of word processors(处理器), or WPS as they are often called．40% of British offices are now estimated to have a word processor and this percentage is growing fast．

　　There are many advantages in using a word processor for both secretary and manager．The secretary is freed from a lot of daily work, such as re-typing letters and storing papers．He or she can use this time to do other more interesting work for the boss．From a manager’s point of view, secretarial time is being made better use of and money can be saved by doing daily jobs automatically outside office hours．

　　But is it all good？If a lot of daily secretarial work can be done automatically, surely this will mean that fewer secretaries will be needed．Another worry is the increasing medical problems related to work with visual display units(显示器)．The case of a slow loss of sight among people using word processors seems to have risen greatly．It is also feared that if a woman works at a VDU for long hours, the unborn child in her body might be killed．Safety screens to put over a VDU have been invented but few companies in England bother to buy them．

　　Whatever the arguments for and against word processor, they are a key feature(特征)of this revolution in office practice．

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　　The two things–snow and mountains–which are needed for a ski area are the two things that cause avalanches, large mass of snow and ice crushing down the side of a mountain－often called“White Death．”

　　It was the threat of the avalanche and its record as a killer of man in the western mountains that created the snow ranger．He first started on avalanche control work in the winter of 1937–38 at Alta, Utah, in Wasatch National Forest．

　　This mountain valley was becoming well known to skiers．It was dangerous．In fact, more than 120 persons had lost their lives in 1936 and another 200 died in 1937 as a result of avalanches before it became a major ski area．Thus, development of Alta and other major ski resorts in the west was dependent upon controlling the avalanche．The Forest Service set out to do it, and did, with its corps of snow rangers．It takes many things to make a snow ranger．The snow ranger must be in excellent physical condition．He must be a good skier and a skilled mountain climber He should have at least a high school education, and the more college courses in geology, physics, and related fields he has, the better．

　　He studies snow, terrain, wind, and weather．He learns the conditions that produce avalanches．He learns to forecast avalanches and to bring them roaring on down the mountainsides to reduce their killing strength．The snow ranger learns to do this by using artillery, by blasting with TNT, and by the difficult and skillful art of skiing avalanches down．

　　The snow ranger, dressed in a green parka which has a bright yellow shoulder patch, means safety for people on ski slopes．He pulls the trigger on a 75 mm．Recoilless rifle, skis waist deep in powder testing snow stability, or talks with the ski area’s operator as he goes about his work to protect the public from the hazards of deep snow on steep mountain slopes．

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　　A few years ago a young mother watched her husband diaper(给……换尿布)their firstborn son．“You do not have to be unhappy about it,”she protested．“You can talk to him and smile a little．”The father, who happened to be a psychologist, answered firmly,“He has nothing to say to me, and I have nothing to say to him．”

　　Psychologist now know how wrong that father was．From the moment of birth, a baby has a great deal to say to his parent and they to him．But a decade or so ago, these experts were describing the newborn as a primitive creature who reacted only by reflex, a helpless victim of its environment without capacity to influence it．And mothers accepted the truth．Most thought(and some still do)that a new infant could see only blurry(模糊的)shadows, that his other senses were undeveloped, and that all he required was nourishment, clean diapers, and a warm bassinet．

　　Today university laboratories across the country are studying newborns in their first month of life．As a result, psychologists now describe the new baby as perceptive(理解力强的), with remarkable learning abilities and an even more remarkable capacity to shape his or her environment including the attitudes and actions of his parents．Some researchers believe that the neonatal period may even be the most significant four weeks in an entire lifetime．

　　Far from being helpless, the newborn knows what he likes and rejects what he doesn’t．He shut out unpleasant sensations by closing his eyes or averting his face．He is a glutton for novelty．He prefers animate(living)things over inanimate and likes people more than anything．

　　When a more nine minutes out, an infant prefers a human face to a head-shaped outline．He makes the choice despite the fact that, with delivery room attendants masked and gowned, he has never seen a human face before．By the time he’s twelve hours old, his entire body moves in precise synchrony(同时发生)to the sound of a human voice, as if he were dancing．A non-human sound, such as a tapping noise, brings no such response．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项。

　　Have you ever wondered what you would look like if you were an Asian, Middle Eastern, black, white or Indian person？By stepping into the Human Race Machine, you can find out．When you sit inside it, the machine creates a digital image of your face．After pushing certain buttons, the machine uses various photos of people of a certain ethnic group mixed with your own facial features．From this, it can come up with an image showing how you would look as a member of a different race．

　　The machine is part of a traveling retrospective(回顾展)called“Seeing and Believing：The Art of Nancy Burson．”Burson is a famous American photographer and inventor．The show of 100 photos and multimedia works was on view at the Grey Art Gallery in New York on April 20．

　　“It is a strange feeling, just like stepping into someone else’s skin．”said Hathy Zajchenko, a museum visitor from Pennsylvania, US．As soon as she sat down, she tried out a range of ethnic groups．“The Middle Eastern image worked pretty well for me,”she said with a smile．

　　According to Burson, the machine is a prayer for unity．It is about seeing through differences to find the things we all share in common．Burson added the database of Middle Eastern faces, both Arab and Jewish, after the terrorist attacks on September 11．“I have always wanted to allow people to see differently．I am a photographer．I am recording the unseen, because what we can not see is so much more interesting than what we can see,”Burson said．

　　For those who missed the show, the Human Race machine will be on view at the New York Hall of Science in the Queens district full-time as of June．

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　　Can we walk out a straight line？The question is much more difficult to answer than you think．Believe it or not, your eyes and ears help you to walk！

　　A recent experiment held in Japan shows that it is almost impossible for people to walk exactly straight for 60 metres．Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology found 20 healthy men and asked them to walk as straight as possible to a target 60 metres away at normal speed．Each man had to wear socks soaked with red ink and walk on white paper fixed flat to the floor．The footprints revealed that all walked in a winding rather than a straight line．Researchers found that people readjust the direction of walking at regular intervals．The amount of the meandering differed from subject to subject．This suggests that none of us can walk in a strictly straight line．Rather, we meander, primarily due to a slight structural or functional imbalance of our limbs(四肢)．Our body is actually semicircular, so steps by the left and right leg of a person are different．As a result, although we may start walking in a straight line, several steps afterwards we have changed direction．Eyesight helps us to correct the direction of walking and leads us to the target．Your ears also help you walk．After turning around a lot with your eyes closing, you can hardly stand still, let alone walk straight．It's all because your ears help you balance．Inside your inner ear there is a structure contains liquids．On the sides of the organ are many tiny hair-like structures that move around as the liquid flows．When you spin the liquid inside also spins．The difference is that when you stop, the liquid continues to spin for a while．Dizziness(眩晕)is the result of these nerves in your ear．When you open your eyes, although your eyesight tells you to walk in a straight line, your brain will trust your ears more, thus you walk in a curved line, or a spiral！

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　　From a major Windows upgrade to more powerful Web services and high-definition (高清晰)DVD, there's a lot to look forward to in the coming year．New monitors, DVD players, computers and game systems, will blur(模糊)the border between computers and home appliances to finally create a digital centre in each modern house．

　　Vista View

　　Microsoft's next major operating system, Windows Vista, looks different from today's Windows．But the parts you can't see might be even more important．Microsoft is focusing on securing users from the viruses, worms, and other attacks that have become a serious problem in the last decade．But security isn't the only point of Windows Vista．It includes additional gaming features, a new desktop search function, a new user interface, compatibility(兼容)with high-definition TV and multimedia equipment．

　　New DVD on the road

　　The next DVD generation has two layers．First, high-definition recording will mean more vivid sound and pictures．It also means you might have to put aside your present DVD collection, as people did with tape cassettes in the 1980's when CD was introduced．The new technology will record high-definition TV programs on a small disk without quality loss．And up to 50 gigabytes of storage can put 13 hours of programs or eight movies on a disc．

　　Wireless Connectivity Everywhere．

　　Wi-Fi is coming．Despite the over publicity surrounding wireless networking, the fact remains that finding a public connection still takes work．Next year, connectivity should get easier, thanks to long-range broadband wireless technology from Intel called WiMax．According to an Intel spokesperson a WiMax signal“can carry 50 miles in tests, but in reality about half that．”It means you can get online almost anywhere at any time．

　　Next-Generation Game Consoles(控制台)

　　Gamers, fasten your seat belts．2006 will be a great year for consoles．Next year will be one of the most exciting with major releases from Sony, Nintendo and Microsoft．It's like an election：Every four years or so, gamers get to choose which platform they'll support for the next cycle．As you'd expect, the processing and graphics hardware powering the consoles is impressive．They'll include HDTV and high-speed Internet connectivity．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

　　Thanks to science, industry and moral philosophy, mankind’s steps were at last guided up the right path in the past century．The 19th century of steam was about to give way to the 20th century of oil and electricity．Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, only 41 years old in 1900, provided a scientific basis for the idea that progress was not to be stopped, determined by natural law．And almost everybody thought that the development would continue to be as slow as that in the 19th century．

　　Inventions like the railroad or the telegraph or the typewriter enabled people to live their everyday lives a little more conveniently．No one could have guessed that new ideas would storm the world with a force and frequency at an amazing pace．This high-speed attack of new ideas and technologies seemed to make people believe in the old dreams of a perfect life on earth, of a safe world in which natural disasters would be controlled．But the fast progress was accompanied by something against mankind’s will．

　　Murders in Sarajevo(萨拉热窝)in 1914 led to the Great War, which did more than destroy a generation of Europeans．The Great War was most commonly called so until the beginning of World War Ⅱ when it was renamed World War Ⅰ．Hitler rose to power in the 1930’s．It was this very man who ordered the attack of Poland, only to meet with his failure when Great Britain and France made war on Germany．On December 7, 1941, the Japanese bombed the American naval base at Pearl harbor．Americans decided to enter the war, and World War Ⅱ was now truly a world war．

　　But civilization was not crushed by the two great wars, and from the ruins people built a way of life again．The citizens of the 20th century felt free to reinvent themselves．In that task they were aided by two far-reaching developments－Psychoanalysis(精神分析)and the Bomb．

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阅读理解

　　Impressed by the persuasive technical advice which Trent Eisenberg gave online．computer powerhouse Compaq approached him about a job at the company's headquarters in Houston． But Compaq was forced to withdraw(收回)the offer when an important detail about Eisenherg was discovered：he was just 14．Two years later, Eisenberg now runs his own technical support company, F1 Computer, “I might be interested in getting a job in a few years, after college,” he says．”But this is just right for me now．”

　　Eisenberg is among an increasing number o| teenagers who are running their own eomputer-related businesses－and, for the most part, being successful at it．”Many kids in suburban homes have grown up operating very powerful computers, so technology is second nature to them in a way that it's not to many adults,” says Gene DeRose, president of a high tech research firm based in New York．

　　Danny Kalmick, the 14-year-old president of Kalmiek & Co．Computing took his first step toward becoming a neighborhood computer expert at age 11, when he broke down his first PC (a 486/DX2) to inspect its motberboard(主板)．When neighbors called him for comp-er advice a year later, Kalmick saw a husiness opportunity．So he printed up business cards, and took out an ad in a neighborhood telephone book．He now has about 10 regular clients, works 6 to 10 hours a week, and earns $ 20 an hour solving tech problems．

　　Low prices are usually an advantage in the marketplace, but so is age．Many young business people argue：Kids aren't as frightening to work with as their more senior adults．”We're professional, of course, but we are just kids, and people feel like they can talk with us and ask us whatever they want without being embarrassed,” says Charles Ross, 18, vice president of a Web services company that develops marketing sites for local businesses．Ross runs the firm with his twin brother, James, and their friend Matthew Baylis, 17．”Beside, a lot of our clients tell us that they would rather work with us because we've grown up with the technology and have a solid handle on it．”

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阅读理解

　　In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more prcoductive．Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied．But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity?There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the workers' life more enjoyable, it does not actually make bim work [larder．As far as increasing productivity is concerned, the variety is nol an important factor．

　　Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true．The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way．Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it．Another important consideration is how much each worker eontributes to the product he is making．In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product, Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than a large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the ears on his line． It would seem that not only is the degree of workers” contribution an important factor, it is also one we can do something about．

　　To what extent (程度) does more money lead to greater productivity?The workers ,themselves certainly think this is important．But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring．Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more．A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours．Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them．

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