第一节阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中选出最佳选项。

　　Chinese cities and towns are expected to absorb about 300 million people from rural areas in 20 years if the urbanization(城市化)drive maintains a growth of l per cent annually．

　　The massive migration of rural labourers will contribute greatly to the development of cities Liu He．Vice．minister of the office of the Central Leading Group of Financial and Economic Affairs, said yesterday．

　　The urbanization rate currently stands at 1.4 percent, which means．that about 20 million farmers become urban residents each year．

　　Statistics from Liu’s office indicate that nearly 40 percent of farmers’ annual per capital income last year,about 3,200yuat2(US$395), was earned in cities．

　　But China faces many problems i11 its urbanization drive, such as low wages and lack of social security for migrant labourers．Liu told the 2006 China Development Forum organized by the State Council Development and Research Centre．

　　To protect the fights of migrant workers。barriers such as the household registration system(or hukou)must be removed, suggested Yifu Lin, an economics professor at Peking University．

　　Liu said China would adopt a step-by-step reform of its decades-old hukou system but suggested that the“green card”system practised in Shanghai and some other cities——which enables long－term inhabitants to obtain urban hukou——be adopted in more cities．

　　In 2003, about l10 million surplus labourers left the farming sector and 61 per cent of the migrant of workers．or 69．1 million, worked in cities, Liu said．

　　In Wuxi of East China’s Jiangsu Province, for example, about 1.5 million 0f its 6 million population are from elsewhere．And 100,000－l 50,000 newcomers down in the city each year．He said．

　　The maximum population the city can accommodate is 8 million,Liu said．“It faces huge pressures on environment, resources, especially water in the next 10 years．”

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　　As if there weren’t enough of them in the world already, scientists have succeeded in cloning flies．The alike fruit flies are the first insects ever cloned, says the Canadian team that created them．The question everyone asks is why anyone would want to clone flies in the first place．She hopes that the insects, which are very easy to experiment with, will help to adjust the cloning process in other animals and even in humans, where the technique is being researched to aid production of therapeutic(治疗的)stem cells．

　　In cloning, the DNA-containing nucleus of an adult cell is injected into an egg whose own nucleus(细胞核)has been removed．At the moment, the majority of cloned mice, sheep and other animals die before birth．It is thought this is because the adult DNA is not properly ‘reprogrammed’．

　　Using flies, researchers might discover genes that are important for this reprogramming, and that have matches in other animals．That is because it is relatively easy in flies to knock out the function of a single gene and then attempt cloning with these cells, which will test whether that gene is important．If such genes are confirmed, then in theory cloned mammalian embryos(晶胚)might be grown in selected solutions that change the activity of those genes to improve the technique’s success rate．Although some groups have attempted to clone insects before, Lloyd says this is the first time it has been successful．The team used a slight difference on the standard cloning process： they transferred nuclei taken from embryos rather than fully-grown adult cells．They sucked several nuclei(pl)out of developing fly embryos, and injected them into a fertilized(已受精的)fly egg．From over 800 early attempts, they cloned five adult insects, the group reports in the journal Genetics．

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Read the following advertisements and then choose the correct answers．

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How to beat nerves

　　Do you blank out, freeze up(呆住)or feel so nervous in exams that you have trouble writing answers to questions that you knew just last night？

　　If so, you likely have a case of test anxiety．

　　But, don’t panic．By recognizing the problem, you are taking the first step towards overcoming it．

　　Believe it or not, a touch of nervousness can sharpen your mind, allowing you to perform more quickly．This is because under stress, the body releases the hormone adrenaline(肾上腺素), which prepares it for something important that will happen．However, too much anxiety can result in sleeplessness, loss of appetite before tests, and poor performance．Some people might feel shaky(weak), hot, or even sick．

　　If you worry a lot or are a perfectionist, you are more likely to have trouble with test anxiety．Those who have prepared poorly for a test or have had negative experiences taking tests may also experience test anxiety．

　　When you feel a storm of anxiety coming on, stop what you're doing and make your mind a blank．If possible, actually tell yourself to‘STOP！’This will get your mind off the stress．Then think of being at a place of comfort and let your body relax．As you continue the test, find questions you know the answers to and answer them first．This will help restore your confidence．

　　Talk to yourself using positive language．Make it a habit to replace each negative thought with a logical reason．For example：“I've studied hard and I know the material, so I’m ready to do the best I can”．Another thing you can do is to learn to accept mistakes．In fact, they can be valuable learning opportunities．

　　Last but not least, start test preparation early three to five days ahead of the quiz or test．After all, good study habits and skills．for example, time management and note-taking will give you the feeling that you are in control．

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　　It is difficult for doctors to help a person with a damaged brain．Without enough blood, the brain lives for only three to five minutes．More often the doctors can’t fix the damage．Sometimes they are afraid to try something to help because it is dangerous to work on the brain．The doctors might make the person worse if he operates on the brain．

　　Dr．Robert White, a famous professor and doctor, thinks he knows a way to help．He thinks doctors should make the brain very cold．If it is very cold, the brain can live without blood for 30 minutes．This gives the doctor a longer time to do something for the brain．

　　Dr．White tried his idea on 13 monkeys．First he taught them to do different jobs, then he operated on them．He made the monkeys’ blood go through a machine．The machine cooled the blood．Then the machine sent the blood back to the monkeys’ brains．When the brain’s temperature was 10℃, Dr．White stopped the blood to the brain．After30 minutes he turned the blood back on．He warmed the blood again．After their operations the monkeys were like they had been before．They were healthy and busy．Each one could still do the jobs the doctor had taught them．

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　　Farmers could grow more rice and shaky Internet communications could work better someday, thanks to prize-winning discoveries by teenage scientists showed at a national science fair on Monday．

　　High school scientists from across the United States showed off work in genetics, molecular(分子的)biology, mathematics and other fields that judges said rose to the professional level．

　　“It just blows me away．They’re all just unimaginable,”said Joel Spencer, a New York University professor who served as judge at the Sidemen’s Westinghouse Competition in Math, Science and Technology．

　　Research done by finalists in the nationwide competition could lead to faster Internet speeds, more effective antibacterial drugs and better energy conservation．One team researched black holes in outer space, while another examined more than 700 fossils to better understand why dinosaurs died out．

　　Juliet Girard and Roshan Prabhu won $ 100,000 scholarship for their work proving genes that help some kinds of wild rice flower earlier than others．

　　Drawing on a database that described the genetic makeup of rice, the two students, from Jersey City, New Jersey, identified two genetic sections that directed wild rice to blossom an average of 10 days earlier than the ordinary short-grain rice that feeds much of the world．

　　Their discovery could allow genetic engineers to develop a new strain that would take less time to reach maturity, allowing farmers to produce more and extending the growing region into colder climates．

　　Steven Byrnes of Lexington, Massachusetts, took the top individual prize for his theory describing outcomes in a two-player game called Chomp．

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　　In many societies, there is often greater acceptance of light skin than dark skin．Light skin may be seen as a mark of beauty, intelligence and success．These beliefs can lead to social pressures even within the same racial or ethnic group, if some members are darker skinned than others．

　　The result is that skin lightening has become a common activity across Africa, Asia and other areas of the world．More and more people with dark skin are using skin-lightening products, even if it means they may face health risks．

　　They believe that having whiter skin will improve their lives．Many people think they will have a better chance of getting a job or marrying into a better family．Or they want to look like what their society generally considers beautiful．

　　Some beauty care products and soaps contain chemicals that make skin lighter．This process is also called bleaching．But some of the chemicals are extremely dangerous．One of the most dangerous is hydroquinone．

　　Hydroquinone has been banned in several countries．This chemical has been linked to kidney damage and some kinds of cancer．It also causes low birth weight in babies when mothers use it during pregnancy．

　　At first, bleaching products make the skin color lighter．But after long-term use they can cause problems．They could even make some skin darker．

　　The chemicals in the products block and break down the natural process that gives color to skin．The skin loses its natural barrier to protect against sunlight．Then the skin can become thick and discolored．Usually the person will use more of the product in an effort to correct the problem, but this only makes it worse．

　　And these are not the only risks．Experts say some people who change their skin color suffer emotional damage．They feel regret and sadness．They feel that instead of risking their health, they should have learned to love and accept their skin color as it was．

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　　Beldon and Canfield are two seashore towns, not far apart．Both towns have many hotels, and in summer the hotels are full of holiday-makers and other tourists．

　　Last August there was a fire at the Seabreeze Hotel in Beldon．The next day, this news appeared on Page Two of the town’s newspaper．The Beldon Post：

FIRE AT SEABREEZE

　　Late last night firemen hurried to the Seabreeze Hotel and quickly put out a small fire in a bedroom．The hotel manager said that a cigarette started the fire．We say again to all our visitors：“Please don’t smoke cigarettes in bed．”This was Beldon’s first hotel fire for five years．

　　The Canfield Times gave the news in these words on Page One：

ANOTHER BELDON HOTEL CATCHES FIRE

　　Last night Beldon firemen arrived just too late to save clothing, bedclothes and some furniture at the Seabreeze Hotel．An angry holiday-maker said,“An electric lamp probably started the fire．The bedroom lamps are very old at some of these hotels．When I put my bedside light on, I heard a funny noise from the lamp．”We are glad to tell our readers that this sort of adventure does not happen in Canfield．

　　What are the facts, then？It is never easy to find out the exact truth about an accident．There was a fire at the Seabreeze Hotel last August：that is one fact．Do we know anything else？Yes, we know that firemen went to the hotel．

　　Now what do you think of the rest of the“news”？

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　　Some American schools pay teachers more if their students improve on tests．Now, there is a growing movement to pay the students－in some cases, even just for coming to class．

　　Students at one school in New Mexico can earn up to three hundred dollars a year for good attendance．A program in New York City pays up to five hundred dollars for good attendance and high test scores．

　　In Baltimore, Maryland, high scores on state graduation tests can be worth more than one hundred dollars．And a New Jersey school system plans to pay students fifty dollars a week to attend after-school tutoring programs．Schools that pay students can be found in more than one-fourth of the fifty states．Other schools pay students with food or other rewards．

　　Robert Schaefer is public education director for the National Center for Fair and Open Testing, an activist group．He says paying may improve performance in the short term, but students develop false expectations for the future．He sees a lack of long-term planning in these programs because of pressure on schools to raise test scores．

　　Public schools need to show improvement under the education reform law signed by President Bush six years ago．Low-performing schools may lose their federal money：teachers and administrators may lose their jobs．Often these schools are in poor neighborhoods where getting students to go to school can be a continual problem．

　　Critics say paying students sends a message that money is the only valuable reward．But some students say it makes school more exciting．And some teachers have reported getting more requests for extra help．

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　　In one of the strongest indications of the power of the mind to influence the body, a growing collection of evidence finds that people who are depressed have a greatly higher risk of developing heart disease．

　　In a study of almost 3,000 men an 5,000 women depressed men were 70 percent more likely to develop coronary(心脏的)heart disease than those who weren’t depressed, While depressed women were just 12 percent more likely to develop heart disease, those who were severely depressed were 78 percent more likely, In fact, a 1998 study found that women who are depressed have a risk of dying from heart disease equal to that of women who smoke or who have high blood pressure．

　　The link works the other way around, too：While about 1 in 20 American adults experience major depression in a given year, that number jumps to about one in three among those who have survived a heart attack．

　　The more severe the depression, the more dangerous it is to your health．But some studies suggest that even mild depression, including feelings of hopelessness experienced over many years, may damage the heart．Other studies suggest depression may affect how well heart disease medications work．

　　Researchers aren’t sure what the connection between depression and heart disease is, but theories exist, One is that people who are depressed tend not to take very good care of themselves, They’re more likely to eat high–fat, high-calorie “comfort ”foods, less likely to exercise, and more likely to smoke, But beyond lifestyle, there is probably also a physiological link between depression and heart disease, Recent studies, found that people with severe depression tended to have a lack of heart-healthy O-3 fatty acids, People who are depressed also often have high levels of stress hormones(荷尔蒙)These keep the body primed for fight or flight, raising blood pressure and causing the heart to beat faster, all of which put additional stress on coronary arteries(动脉)and prevent the body’s natural healing mechanisms from working properly．

　　A whole branch of medicine is devoted to the complex links between mental health, the nervous system, the hormone system and so on, This science is gradually soring out how the mind-body connection affects us, or defense against heart disease．

　　Generally, an estimated 10 percent of American adults experience some form of depression every year, Although available treatments can east symptoms(症状)in more than 80 percent of people treated, less than half of those with depression get the help they need．

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