Scientists produce many examples of clones in research laboratories．They can separate individual cancer cells and make them able to produce to form cell groups．These groups consist of many clones of the original cancer cell．Laboratory scientists also develop clones of the chemical substance DNA．DNA occurs in every living cell and often contains thousands of genes．Scientists use DNA cloning techniques to produce specific genes．These techniques commonly involve plasmid(质粒)DNA．Scientists first separate part of a DNA containing a particular gene．They then combine the DNA part with the plasmid DNA to form recombinant(重组)DNA．Now scientists can generate large quantities of the recombinant DNA and the particular gene of interest．

　　Cell cloning and DNA cloning have brought about complete changes in the fields of biology and medicine．They have helped people get a better understanding of the structure and function of cells and genes．Cloning techniques make it possible for scientists to better study genes in cancer cells and other cells with changes in their genetic structure．Such studies, in turn, help us learn more about the function of these genes in normal cells．They also can help scientists discover the genetic causes of many diseases, better diagnose and possibly cure these illnesses．

　　Cloning may cause problems, however．Animal cloning techniques are not perfect yet, and scientists may find it difficult to produce steadily healthy clones．The possibility of cloning human beings also raises fears．Many people regard such cloning as immoral(不道德)or against their religion's principles．Some countries are considering a ban on human cloning．

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　　The Chinese have used a method called acupuncture to help perform operations for about 4,000 years without putting the patient to sleep．This involves inserting flexible needles into certain parts of the body．The needles used are available in a number of stores in China and everyone may buy them．

　　To learn how to use needles takes about one month of training．But to be skillful requires greater time．The person who performs the acupuncture knows how to insert the needles so the needles themselves are not painful．This person also knows where to place the needles so the patient feels no pain in the area where the operation is to be performed．The needles are not necessarily inserted near the region where the pain is to be prevented．In the past, a particular operation might require 25 or more needles placed in various parts of the body．But now this operation requires only 3 or 4 needles．

　　Today the Chinese doctors are trying to learn more about acupuncture．They are trying to develop a convincing theory to explain how the needles work in preventing pain, or why a needle in the wrist, for example, would prevent the pain in the area of the mouth．

　　A patient who needs an operation is given a choice between having acupuncture or having one of the chemicals used for putting him to sleep．It has been estimated that over half of the patients choose acupuncture because there is no sickness after the operation whereas the chemical may make the patient sick for a few hours or a day．

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阅读理解

　　The private car has long played an important role in the United States．In 1971 eighty-three percent of American families owned at least one car, and twenty-three percent had more than one．By giving workers rapid, convenient transportation, the car has freed them from having to live near their place of work．This has helped develop the growth of the suburbs, but it has also led to traffic problems in the city．In addition, the car has caused neighborhood ties to be weak by making it easy to keep up friendship at a distance and to enjoy leisure activities far from home．

　　For farm families the car is a great comfort．It has relieved their loneliness, making it possible for them to travel to town frequently for business and for pleasure, and also to transport their children to distant schools．

　　Family life has been affected in various ways．The car helps to keep families together when it is used for picnics, outings, camping trips, and other shared experiences．However, when teenage children use or own one, they can easily escape from their parents．For some－young or old－using a car leads to dangerous traffic accidents caused by carelessness or by deliberate breaking of driving laws．In 1971, over 5,000 people were killed in car accidents in the U．S．, and many more were injured．This number has been somewhat reduced by the gas shortage which has decreased driving to some degree and has also lowered the speed limit．

　　For many Americans the car is something necessary as well as convenient．But for some, it is also a mark of social status, an important middle-class symbol; and for young people, a sign of becoming an adult．Altogether, cars mean much to Americans．

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　　China, the world's largest tobacco producer and consumer, will ban all forms of tobacco promotion by January 2011．

　　A ban on tobacco advertising has been in place since 1996, but firms have managed to sidestep the rules and promote their brands in other ways such as supporting sporting events, or using their logos without mentioning “cigarettes” on television, radio and in newspapers and magazines．

　　Xu Guihua, vice-president of China Tobacco Control Association, made the landmark announcement on Monday in Guangzhou．She said the country is committed to fulfill its obligations(义务)to the World Health Organization(WHO)Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, of which China formally became a member last January．

　　However, it is believed that China falls behind other countries in efforts to control the use of tobacco, and the biggest problem is the lack of national laws banning smoking in public areas．

　　To date, fewer than half the cities have framed rules on smoking bans in some public spaces．Efforts to ban smoking in other areas such as bars and restaurants have been stopped by unwilling owners and managers who fear a loss of business．

　　Figures from the Ministry of Health show that China has an estimated 350 million smokers, almost a third of the world．Cigarette makers spent more than 1.6 billion yuan to promote their brands last year, according to China Youth Daily．In 2005 the government collected 240 billion yuan in tobacco taxes．

　　Yang Yan, a researcher with Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control, said 12 percent of deaths in China are caused by tobacco related illnesses, and by 2025, that figure will climb to 33 percent．

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　　Psychologists now believe that noise has an effect on people's attitude and behavior．Experiments have proved that in noisy situations(even temporary ones), people behave more and less cooperatively; in more permanent noisy situations, many people cannot work hard, and they suffer from severe anxiety, as well as other psychological problems．However, psychologists distinguish between“sound”and“noise”．“Sound”is measured physically in decibels(分贝)．“Noise”cannot be measured in the same way because it refers to the psychological effect of sound and its level of“intensity(强度)”depends on the situation．

　　Thus, for passengers at an airport who expect to hear airplanes taking off and landing, there may be a lot of sound, but not much noise(that is, they are not bothered by the noise)．By contrast, if you are at a concert and two people behind you are whispering, you feel they are talking noisily even if there is not much sound．You notice the noise because it affects you psychologically．Both sound and noise can have negative effects, but what is most important is whether the person has control over the sound．People walking down the street with earphones, listening to music that they enjoy, are receiving a lot of decibels of sound, but they are probably happy hearing sounds which they control．On the other hand, people in the street without earphones must stand a lot of noise which they have no control over．It is noise pollution that we need to control in order to help people, live more happily．

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　　Harry Houdini was one of the greatest American entertainers in the theater this century．He was a man famous for his escapes from prison cells, from wooden boxes floating in rivers, from locked tanks full of water．He appeared in theaters all over Europe and America．Crowds came to see the great Houdini and his “magic” tricks．

　　Of course, his secret was not magic or supernatural powers．It was simply strength．He had the ability to move his toes as well as he moved his fingers．He could move his body into almost any position he wanted．

　　Houdini started working in the entertainment world when he was 17, in 1891．He and his brother Theo performed card tricks in a club in New York．They called themselves the Houdini Brothers．When Harry married in 1894, he and his wife Bess worked together as magician and assistant．But for a long time they were not very successful．Then Harry performed his first prison escape, in Chicago in 1898．Harry persuaded a detective to let him try to escape from the prison, and he invited the local newspapermen to watch．

　　It was the publicity that came from this that started Harry Houdini's success．

　　Harry had fingers trained to escape from handcuffs and toes trained to escape from ankle chains．But his biggest secret was how he unlocked the prison doors．Every time he went into the prison cell, Bess gave him a kiss for good luck and a small skeleton key, which is a key that fits many locks, passed quickly from her mouth to his．

　　Harry used these prison escapes to build his fame．He arranged to escape from the local jail of every town he visited．In the afternoon, the people of the town would read about it in their local newspapers, and in the evening every seat in the local theater would be full．What was the result?Worldwide fame, and a name remembered today．

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阅读理解

　　This August has seen athletes doing their sweaty part in the “Good Luck Beijing” sports events．Some foreign athletes have commented on the passion of Chinese spectators(观众)．

　　Not all the spectators, however, came out looking exactly good．Girls holding umbrellas on beach volleyball stands．Spectators crying sharply during the hockey matches．These can be unintended disturb．To avoid them, we'd keep in mind some special manners：

　　Beach volleyball

　　●Dress down for beach volleyball．Don't you think it funny to walk about on the beach in formal suits?

　　●Wear sunglasses and bring something to drink．

　　●Use protective cream for your skin．But don't carry something that blocks others' view．

　　Archery ＆ shooting

　　●Sit at the back or on either side of the field．For safety's sake, do not risk out of there．

　　●Above all, keep quiet during the match．Put your cellphone on“vibrate” or turn it off．

　　●Do not use the flash on your camera, because it can disturb the athletes．

　　●When the athletes are aiming at the target, keep your voice down．

　　Baseball, basketball ＆ football

　　●Drinks in glass bottles or cans are not allowed．

　　●Don't bring a whistle．Referees use them and you can puzzle the players．

　　●Players can be tense when taking a shot．Keep the cheering down at critical moments．Do not use the camera flash．

　　●If you easily get nervous, bring some snacks．Keep your mouth moving to calm you down．

　　Cycling ＆ marathon

　　●Spectators should keep off the track．Control your pets．

　　●Cyclists or runners might look tired, sweaty and thirsty, but, do not hand them a bottle of water, a cool towel or anything else．Any help from spectators can disqualify an athlete．

　　●Again, if a cyclist or runner falls, do not rush over to help．The best thing to do is to contact medical personnel．

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　　Millions of people around the world are willing to make personal sacrifices, including paying higher bills, to help balance climate change, a global survey said．It found 83 percent of those questioned believed lifestyle changes would be necessary to cut emissions of climate warming carbon gases．The survey, conducted by two polling organizations for the BBC World Service, covered 22,000 people in 21 countries．

　　“People around the world recognize that climate change requires that people change their behavior,”said Steven Kull, director of the Program on International Policy Attitudes which conducted the poll with GlobeScan．“And that to provide motivations for those changes, there will need to be an increase in the cost of energy that contributes to climate change,”he added．

　　Scientists say carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels for power and transport will push global average temperatures up by between 1.8 and 4.0 degrees Celsius this century, causing floods, famines and violent storms putting millions at risk．

　　The response to climate taxes was more muted than that on raised energy prices, but it swung in favor if the revenue(收入)from those taxes was ring-fenced for use only on measures to raise energy efficiency or develop clean energy sources．There was also a greater acceptance of higher green taxes if they were made up for by cuts in taxation elsewhere so the net effect on the individual's pocket was neutral．

　　“While few citizens welcome higher taxes, the poll suggests that national leaders could succeed in introducing a carbon tax on energy,”said GlobeScan President Doug Miller．“The key requirement is that their citizens trust that the resulting tax revenues will be invested in addressing climate change by increasing energy efficiency and developing cleaner fuels,”he added．

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　　The plain truth, proved by ever increasing medical evidence, emphasized repeatedly by health authorities, and printed on cigarette packages, has failed to prevent our innocent youth from smoking．

　　Many young smokers light up their first cigarette in the mistaken belief that puffing away at a cigarette is cool．

　　Anti-smoking supporters here in China must envy their counterparts in France．To help apply a nationwide smoking ban coming into force there on Thursday, 175,000 special inspectors and members of the police force will be sent out to watch public places．

　　In spite of doubts over the long-term success of the high-pitched French campaign, we admire the French authorities' determination and sincerely wish their Chinese peers could someday soon, if not today, take off their kid gloves in dealing with smoking．

　　When people foolishly believe smoking is cool, it is of little use telling them to stop．What the French did, just like what has been done in our Special Administrative Region(SAR)of Hong Kong, is a good way to drive home the message that smoking kills．

　　When smokers risk a fine for lighting a cigarette in public, smoking is no longer cool．The forceful bans in both Hong Kong and France actually make smoking in public unacceptable．

　　We cannot expect the same to happen here any time soon．Not until our country no longer gains high profits from tobacco．

　　It is embarrassing that while the central government swears to control tobacco, some local governments count on the health damaging leaves to fill their coffers(钱柜)．This is a suicidal(自杀的)addiction that must be gotten rid of．National policy needs to focus not only on the government-owned tobacco industry's profits．It must also deal with the effect of smoking on the nation's health and the huge amount of medical expenses．

　　If our government can help opium poppy(可制鸦片的罂粟)growers in the Golden Triangle with alternative crops, they can do the same to help our tobacco growers find practical alternatives．

　　This does not appear to be urgent．But it must be done since we know beyond any doubt that smoking is a serious public health risk．

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　　The world now has more overweight people than hungry ones and governments should design economic strategies to influence national diets, a conference of international experts heard yesterday．The transition from a starving world to an obese(肥胖的)one had happened with dramatic speed, US professor Barry Popkin told the annual conference of the International Association of Agricultural Economists．

　　“The reality is that globally far more obesity than undernutrition exists,”Popkin said, adding that while hunger was slowly declining, obesity was rapidly spreading．

　　There are more than a billion overweight people in the world and 800 million who are undernourished, he said at the Gold Coast convention centre near the eastern Australian city of Brisbane．

　　The“burden of obesity,”with its related diseases, was also shifting from the rich to the poor, not only in urban but in rural areas around the world, he said．China experienced the changes, with a major shift in diet from cereals to animal products and vegetable oils accompanied by a decline in physical work, more motorized transport and more television viewing．

　　Food prices could be used to influence people's diets and drive them towards healthier options, he suggested, while acknowledging that the effects of such policies needed to be carefully studied．

　　“We financially support some things; we don't support others．We control some items．So, for instance, if we charge money for every calorie of soft drink and fruit drink that was consumed, people would consume less of it,”he said．

　　“If we support fruit and vegetable production, people would consume more of it and we would have a healthier diet．”

　　University of Minnesota professor Benjamin Senauer used a comparative study of lifestyles in the United States and Japan to show how the costs of food and transport play a role in the problem．

　　Japan has one of the world's lowest rates of obesity and the US one of the highest．

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