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　　Traceling can be a way to gain life experiences, especially during Spring Break-a week long school vacation in the United States．But what if you’re a student and don’t have enough money for a trip?Don’t worry．Here are some useful suggestions．

　　●Save：This probably is the most improtant preparation for traveling．Cut expenses to fatten your wallet so you ‘ll have more choices about where to go and how to get there,

　　●Plan ahead：don’t wait until the last minute to plan your trip．Tickets may cost more when bought on short notice．Giving yourself several months to get ready can mean security and savings．

　　●Do your homework：No matter where you go．research the places you will visit．dceide what to see．travel books will provide information on the cheapest hotels and restaurants,．

　　●Plan sensibly：Write down what you expect to spend for food and hotels．Stick to your plan or you may not hve enough money to cover everything．

　　●Travel in groups：Find someone who is interested in visiting the same places．By traveling with others you can share costs and experiences．

　　●Work as you go：Need more money to support your trip?Look for work in the places you visit．

　　●Go off the beaten path：Tourist cities may be expensive, You may want to rethink your trip and go to a lesser-known area．Smaller towns can have many ineresting activites and sights．,

　　●Pack necessary things：The most improtant things to take are not always clothes．

　　Remember medicine in case you get sick and snacks in case you cannot find a cheap restaurant．

　　●Use the Internt：The Net can help to save money．Some useful websites include www.Travelocity.com, www.Bargains-lowest fare.com and www.Economic travel.com．

　　By planning sensibly, even students can enjoy the travel．Your travel experiences will be remembered for a lifetime．

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　　Why do human beings still risk their lives under ground and doing one of the dirtiest and most dangerous jobs in this world?A small group of emgineers and robotics experts picture a day in the not-too-distant future when robots and other technology do most of the dangerous mining work．

　　One of the first mining robots was developed five years ago at Carnegie-Mdllon University’s Robotics Institute．It was called Groundhog and it looked like a golf cart,．It used lasers(激光)to“see”in the dark and map given up mines-some of the most dangerous work in the business．

　　The latest model is called Cave Crawler, It’s a bit smaller than grouondhog．and even more Advanced．It can take photos and videos and has sensors that can discover the presence of dangerrous gasses．Amazingly．the robot has a real sense of logic(逻辑性)．If it comes acorss something difficult, it gets monentarily punded．It has to think about what to do and where to go next．Sometimes it throws a fit just like a real person．

　　Myles and his colleagues hope that robots like Cove Crawler will one day be used in rescue(营救)operations“A robot could speed up the rescue process by doing discovery(侦察),”says Chuck Whittaker, a roboties engineer at Carnegie-Mellon．“The robot can go ahead and, with its sensors, report what it has found and whether jit is safe for humans to proceed．”

　　Using robots in rescue operations, though, is probliematic, The lasers that guide the robots don’t work in smoky environments so the engineers at Carnegie Mellon have experimnted with sonar(声纳)and radar guidance systems, and with some success．

　　Some experts predict that robots do the most repetitive and dangerous jobs, but won't get rid fo the need for human workers．

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　　Five years ago, David Smith wore an expensive suit to work every day．“I was a colthes addict,”he jokes．“I used to carry a fresh suit to work with me so I could change if my clothes got wrinkled．”Today David wears causual(非正式的)clothed －khaki pants and sports shirt－to the office．He hardly ever wears a necktie．“I’m, working harder than ever,”David says,“and I need to feel comfortable．”

　　More and more companies are allowing their office workers to wear casual clothes to work in the United States．The change from formal to casual office wear has been gradual．In the early 1990s, many companies allowed their employees to wear casual clothes on Friday(but only on Friday)．This became known as“dress-down Friday”or“casual Friday”,“What started out as an extra one-day-a -week benefit for employees has really become an everyday thing,”said business consultant Masily Jones．

　　Why have so many companies started allowing their employees to wear casual clothes?One reason is that it’s easier for a company to attract new employees if it has a casual dress clde．“A lot of young people don’t want to dress up for work,”says the owner of a software company．“so it’s hard ot hire people if you have a conservative(保守的dress code．”Another reason is that people seem happier and more productive when they are wearing comfrotable clothes,．In a shudy conducted by Levi Strauss and Company．85 percent of employers said that they believe that casual dress improves employee morale(士气)．Only 4 percnet of employers said that casual Dress clde helps them save money．“Suits are expensive, if you have to wear one every day．”one person said．“For the same amout of money, you can buy a lot more casual clothes．”

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　　The television camera is rather like the human eye．Both the eye and the camera have a lens(镜头)，and both produce a picture on a screen．In each case the picture is made up of millions of spots of light．

　　Let us see how the eye works．When we look at an object a person, a house, or whatever it may be we do not see all the details of the object in one piece．We imagine what we do, but this is not the case．In fact, the eye builds up the picture for us in our brain, which controls our sight, in millions of separate parts, and, although we do not realize it, all these details are seen separately．

　　This is what happens when we look at something．Beams of light of different degrees of intensity(强度), reflected from all parts of the object, strike the lens of the eye．The lens then gathers together the spots of light from these beams and focuses them on to a light sensitive plate the retina(视网膜)at the back of the eyeball．In this way an image of the object is produced on the retina in the form of a pattern of lights．

　　The retina contains millions of minute light sensitive elements, each of which is separately connected to the brain by a tiny fibre in the optic(视力的)nerve．These nerve fibres, working independently, pick out minute details from the image on the retina and turn the small spots of light into nerve impulses(冲击)of different strengths．They then transmit these impulses to the brain．They do this all at the same time．

　　All the details of the image are fed to the brain, and, as we have taught our brain to add them together correctly, we see a clear picture of the object as a whole．

　　Television, which means vision at a distance, operates on a similar principle．A television picture is built up in thousands of separate parts．

　　Beams of light reflected from the subject being televised strike the lens of the television camera, which corresponds to(相当于)the lens of the eye．The camera lens gathers together the spot of light from these beams and focuses an image of the subject on to a plate, the surface of which is coated with millions of photo electric elements sensitive to light．

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　　When a cat is frightened, its heart starts beating faster, its muscles get tense, and there are changes in the chemicals in its blood stream．If the danger continues, it will defend itself, or it will run away as fast as possible．

　　Something like this also happens to people．When we are excited, angry, scared or aroused(冲动)by others' emotions, our bodies go through many physical changes, all of which make us more alert(警惕的)and ready to react．We also get ready to defend ourselves or run．Human beings, however, have a problem that animals never face．If we give way to our feelings and let them take over, we can get into trouble．Have you ever said something in anger——or hit somebody——and regretted it later?Have you ever shouted at a teacher, told somebody you were lonely, or said you were in love, and then wished later you had kept your mouth shut?It isn't always wise to express your feelings freely．

　　Does this mean that it's smarter always to hide our feelings?No!If you keep your feelings of anger, sadness, and bitterness hidden away or bottled up(掩饰)inside, your body stays tense．Physical illnesses can develop, and you can feel disturbed badly inside．It can actually be bad for your health．

　　You can try to treat emotions as if they were bananas in the cupboard．You can hide them and you can pretend they don't exist, but they'll still be around．And at last you'll have to deal with them, just like those bananas．

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　　Your kids are amazing especially compared with everybody else's(who seem to cry all the time)．How do you show your love for your kids this holiday season?With toys that are smooth and colorful, interactive and exciting．And with ones that have educational value because you are the boss．

　　1．FLAX ART HOSPITAL PUZZLE AND PLAY SET

　　Here is a toy that doesn't need power and the kids have to put it together themselves．This 50 piece puzzle set that can make your children active is made of soft edged hardwood and makes a complete hospital, with an X ray room．It also includes eight patients, a car and a driver．＄135; flaxart．com．

　　2．TINY LOVE ACTIVITY BALL

　　Sure, it's cool, but this colorful baby toy also develops problem solving and motor skills．It has a head and legs, a magnetic(磁性的)hand and a tail．Suitable for little ones from 6 to 36 months．＄19.95; tinylove.com．

　　3．ROBOSAPIEN

　　This small, remote control robot is really powerful．It performs 67 preprogrammed functions(功能)，including throwing, kicking, picking up and dancing．You can even program your own function——which, sadly, does not include doing windows．＄99; robosapienonline．com．

　　4．MINI PEDAL(脚踏板的)CAR

　　Want a Mini Cooper but can't fit the family inside?Get one for the kids．They can jump into this Mini car, which comes in hot orange with a single adjustable(可调的)seat, and ride away．For ages 3 to 5．＄189; miniusa．com(click on "gear up," then "Mini motoring gear")．

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　　Experts say that it is not easy to get used to life in a new culture．"Culture shock" is the term specialists use when talking about the feelings that people have in a new environment．"There are three stages of culture shock," say the specialists．In the first stage, the newcomers like their new environment．Then, when the fresh experience dies, they begin to hate the city, the country, the people, and everything else．In the laststage, the newcomers begin to adjust to their surroundings and, as a result, enjoy their life more．

　　There are some obvious factors in culture shock．The weather may be unpleasant．The customs may be different．The public service systems the telephone, post office, or transportation may be difficult to work out．The simplest things seem to be big problems．The language may be difficult．

　　Who feels culture shock?Everyone does in this way or that．But culture shock surprises most people．Very often the people having the worst culture shock are those who never had any difficulties in their home countries and were successful in their community．Coming to a new country, these people find they do not have the same established positions．They find themselves without a role, almost without an identity(身份)．

　　They have to build a new self image．

　　Culture shock gives rise to a feeling of disorientation(迷惘)．This feeling may be homesickness．When homesick, people feel like staying inside all the time．They want to protect themselves from the strange environment, and create and escape inside their room for a sense of security．This escape does solve the problem of culture shock for the short term, but it does nothing to make the person familiar with the culture．Getting to know the new environment and gaining experience are the long term solutions to the problem of culture shock．

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　　The largest earthquake(magnitude里氏9.5)of the 20th century happened on May 22, 1960 off the coast of South Central Chile．

　　It generated(生成)one of the most destructive Pacific wide tsunamis(海啸)．Near the generating area, both the earthquake and the tsunami were very much destructive, particularly in the coastal area from Concep-cion to the south end of Isla Chiloe．The largest tsunami damage occurred at Isla Chiloe－the coastal area closest to the epicenter(震中)．Huge tsunami waves measuring as high as 25 meters arrived within 10 to 15 minutes after the earthquake, killing at least two hundred people, sinking all the boats, and flooding half a kilometer inland．

　　There was large damage and loss of life at Concep-cion, Chile's top industrial city．Near the city of Valdivia, the earthquake and following aftershocks generated landslides which killed 18 people．At the port city of Valparaiso, a city of 200,000, many buildings collapsed．A total of 130,000 houses were destroyed one in every three in the earthquake zone and nearly 2,000,000 people were left homeless．

　　Total damage losses, including to agriculture and to industry, were estimated(估计)to be over a half billion dollars．The total number of death related with both the tsunami and the earthquake was never found accurately for the region．Estimates of deaths reached between 4,900 to 57,002 with no distinction(差别)as to how many deaths were caused by the earthquake and how many were caused by the tsunami．However, it is believed that most of the deaths in Chile were caused by the tsunami．

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Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal．Such a person is not really a thief．They are sick and cannot help themselves．All small children act naturally and as they grow up they normally learn to control their actions．People with Kleptomania for certain medical reasons have failed to develop control over their desire to take things that do not belong to them．With medical help they may become normal citizens again．The things that a Kleptomania steals are seldom of great value．They often give away what they have stolen or collect objects without using them．

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