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　　Some American schools pay teachers more if their students improve on tests．Now, there is a growing movement to pay the students-in some cases, even just for coming to class．

　　Students at one school in New Mexico can earn up to three hundred dollars a year for good attendance．A program in New York City pays up to five hundred dollars for good attendance and high test scores．

　　In Baltimore, Maryland, high scores on state graduation tests can be worth more than one hundred dollars．And a New Jersey school system plans to pay students fifty dollars a week to attend after-school tutoring programs．Schools that pay students can be found in more than one-fourth of the fifty states．Other schools pay students with food or other rewards．

　　Robert Schaefer is public education director for the National Center for Fair and Open Testing, an activist group．He says paying may improve performance in the short term, but students develop false expectations for the future．He sees a lack of long-term planning in these programs because of pressure on schools to raise test scores．

　　Public schools need to show improvement under the education reform law signed by President Bush six years ago．Low-performing schools may lose their federal money; teachers and administrators may lose their jobs．Often these schools are in poor neighborhoods where getting students to go to school can be a continual problem．

　　Critics say paying students sends a message that money is the only valuable reward．But some students say it makes school more exciting．And some teachers have reported getting more requests for extra help．

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　　There are two types of people in the world Although they have equal degree of health and wealth and other comforts of life, one becomes happy, the other becomes unhappy This arises from the different ways in which they consider things, persons, events and the resulting effects upon their minds．

　　People who are to be happy fix their attention on the convenience of things．The pleasant parts of conversation, the well prepared dishes, the goodness of the wine, the fine weather．They enjoy all the cheerful things．Those who are to be unhappy think and speak only of the opposite things．Therefore, they are continually dissatisfied．By their remarks, they sour the pleasure of society, offend(hurt)many people, and make themselves disagreeable everywhere．If this turn of mind was founded in nature, such unhappy persons would be the more to be pitied．The intention of criticizing and being disliked is perhaps taken up by imitation(仿效)It grows into a habit, unknown to its possessors．The habit may be strong, but it may be cured when those who have it realize its bad effects on their interests and tastes．I hope this little warning may be of service to them, and help them change this habit．

　　Although in fact it is chiefly an act of the imagination, it has serious results in life since it brings on deep sorrow and bad luck．Those people offend many others; nobody loves them, and no one treats them with more than the most common politeness and respect．This frequently puts them in bad temper and draws them into arguments．If they aim at getting some advantages in social position or fortune, nobody wishes them success．Nor will anyone start a step or speak a word to favor their hopes．If they bring on themselves public objections, no one will defend or excuse them, and many will join to criticize their wrong doings．These should change this bad habit and be pleased with what is pleasing, without worrying needlessly about themselves and others．If they do not, it will be good for others to avoid any contact(联系)with them．Otherwise, it can be disagreeable and sometimes very inconvenient, especially when one becomes mixed up in their quarrels．

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　　Almost everyone accepts the fact that crime can never be wiped ort entirely．Thus control of crime becomes the focus of police and government around the world．The question lawmakers must answer is,“Which system of criminal punishment works best for society?”Each country has developed its own ideas for solution to this question, and these solutions then determine how criminals are punished under different systems．However, none of the current system in use has proved 100 percent effective．There are many ideas about punishment of criminals．Some systems look only to get retribution against criminals．These systems work to frighten criminals away from repeating a crime in the future．

　　These systems also try to deter(威慑)others in society by using the criminal as an example of what can happen to a person if he or she is caught committing crimes．Rehabilitation(悔过)is another philosophy by which many systems of punishment operate．The goal of these systems is to return a former criminal to society after a required period of treatment and training, usually in prisons．The idea is to help change the person’s behavior and approach so that he or she becomes a law-abiding citizen．

　　Capital punishment is another form of punishment which systems use in extreme criminal cases, sometimes involving such crimes as a murder, rape, and violent theft．In these cases, the person is put to death．Today, capital punishment is used in relatively few countries．Many countries have done away with it．In other words, capital punishment remains only in officially law books but is rarely used．However, capital punishment remains in use in some countries including the United States．

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WHAT’ SON

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　　Career education is instruction intended to help young people identify, choose, and prepare for a career．Such instruction may focus on a person’s role in work, leisure, or family life．Career education differs from vocational education, which is designed to teach specific occupational skills．

　　Career education includes the formal and informal learning that occurs in the family, in the community, and in schools．In schools, career education consists of instructive activities included in many courses．These activities are designed to improve the attitudes, knowledge, and skills important for work roles．Career education helps students develop self-understanding and use it to plan their education and working life．

　　A complete career education program in school begins in kindergarten and continues at least through high school．Many colleges and universities also offer career education through their consulting programs．In kindergartens and elementary schools, youngsters learn about different types of work．In middle schools or junior high schools, children begin to explore the occupations and leisure activities that interest them most．In high school students get more specific information about occupations and life styles．They may be in classroom, small group, or individual sessions where they learn how to make career decisions．They also should obtain the skills they need for further study or for a job after graduation．Counselors provide information on such matters as how to locate and apply for jobs and how to be successful in interviews．Teachers and counselors use a variety of methods to provide career education, including films about occupations or industries．Children may invite parents or other adults to come to school and describe their jobs．A student may accompany a worker on the job．Cooperative education combines classroom study with practical work experience．

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　　For some time past, it has been widely accepted that babies－and other creatures－learn to do things because certain acts lead to“rewards(报酬)”,and there is no reason to doubt that this is true．But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early time, had to be directly connected to such basic physiological(生理的)“drives”as thirst or hunger．In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise．

　　It is now clear that this is not so．Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except success in sight．

　　Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to“reward”the babies and to teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other．Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response(回答)with clear signs of pleasure．So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided．He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement“turned on”some lights－and indeed that they were able to learn some more turns to bring about(产生)this result, for example, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side．Papousek's light experiment was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the light closely although they would“smile and speak”when the light was on．Papousek concluded that it was not the sight of the lights which pleased them．It was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and then there is a basic human nature to make sense of the world and bring it under control．

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　　Perhaps you will visit New York one day．You might be a student there．Here is some advice．

　　Get a good map of the city．It will also have subway and bus maps．Remember the directions－uptown, downtown, east and west．Feel the excitement of New York．Have fun!

　　NEW YORK CONVENTION AND VISITORS BUREAU

　　Address：90 East 42nd Street,N．Y．100017

　　Telephone：6871300

　　TIMES SQUARE INFORMATION CENTER

　　Address：43rd Street between Seventh Avenue and Broadway

　　Telephone：5938983

　　TRAVELERS' AID SOCIETY

　　Address：204 ast 39th Street,N．Y．10016(central office)

　　Telephone：6790200

　　TRAVEL INFORMATION：NEW YORK SUBWAYS AND BUSES

　　Telephone：330123

　　OTHER TELEPHONE NUMBERS

　　The weather：WE 61212．The time：ME 71212

　　Emergency(Police, Fire, or Ambulance)：911 or“0”for operator

　　A doctor：8971000

　　USEFUL BOOK

　　Seeing New York; The official MTA Travel Guide, published by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority．

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　　Jane Austen, a famous English writer, was born at Steventon, Hampshire, on December 16,1775,and died on July 18,1817．She began writing early in life, although the prejudices of her times forced her to have her books published anonymously(匿名)．

　　But Jane Austen is perhaps the best known and best loved of Bath's many famous local people and visitors．She paid two long visits here during the last five years of the eighteenth century and from 1801 to 1806,Bath was her home．Her deep knowledge of the city is fully seen in two of her novels, Northanger Abbey and Persuasion, which are largely set in Bath．The city is still very much as Jane Austen knew it, keeping in its streets and public buildings the well-ordered world that she described so well in her novels．Now the pleasure of learning Jane Austen's Bath can be enhanced(增强)by visiting the Jane Austen Centre in Gay Street．Here, in a Georgian town house in the heart of the city, you can find out more about Bath in Jane Austen's time and the importance of Bath in her life and work．

　　The Centre has been set up with the help and guidance of members of the Jane Austen Society．After your visit to the Centre, you can look round the attractive shop, which offers a huge collection of Jane Austen related books, cards and many specially designed gifts．Jane Austen quizzes are offered to keep the children busy．

　　You can also have walking tours of Jane Austen's Bath, which is a great way to find out more about Jane Austen and discover the wonderful Georgian city of Bath．The tour lasts about one and a half hours．The experienced guides will take you to the places where Jane lived, walked and shopped．

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　　Ever since news of widespread food recalls caused by a carcinogenic dye broke, there has been confusion(混淆)over possible links to the country of the same name, but Sudan officials say there is no connection whatever．

　　Sudan1 is a red industrial dye that has been found in some chili powder, but was banned in food products across the European Union(EU)in July 2003．

　　Since the ban was put in place, EU officials have been striving to remove some food products from the shelves．So far 580 products have been recalled．

　　Last week Sudan's Embassy in the United Kingdom asked the Food Standards Agency(FSA)for clarification of the origin of the dye's name．

　　Omaima Mahmoud Al Sharief, a press official at Sudan's Embassy in China, explained the purpose of the inquiry was to clear up any misunderstanding over links between the country and the poisonous dye．

　　“We want to keep an eye on every detail and avoid any misunderstanding there,”she said．“Our embassy to Britain asked them how the dye got that name and whether the dye had something to do with our country．But they told us there was no relationship．”

　　The FSA, an independent food security watchdog in Britain, received a letter from the Sudanese embassy last week．

　　“They asked us why the dye is named Sudan, however, we also do not know how it got the name,”she said．“People found the dye in 1883 and gave it the name．Nobody knows the reason, and we cannot give any explanation before we find out．”Sudan dyes, which include Sudan1 to 4, are red dyes used for coloring solvents(溶剂), oils, waxes, petrol, shoe and floor polishes．They are classified as carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer．

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