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Let children learn to judge their own work．A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time; if corrected too much, he will stop talking．He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use．Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other peoples．In the same way, children learn to do all the other things without being taught to walk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle…．They compare their own performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes．But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes and correct them for himself．We do it all for him．We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake or correct it．Let him work out with the help of other children．If it is a matter of right answer in mathematics or science, give him the answer book．Let him correct his own papers．Why should we teachers waste time in such routine(日常的)work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can't find the way to get the right answer．Let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn, how to measure their own understanding, how to know what they do not know．

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　　We often hear people say,“I have a good memory for things like that”or“I can remember names”．But do you know memory is the single most important thing and it has played a very important part?

　　For early men, there were dangerous all around them－bad weather, wild animals．The key to keep on living lay in mans ability to remember these dangers and the ways he had dealt with them in the past．In order for memories to be stored, the human brain became more complex．And as man learned how to deal with them, he became civilized(文明)．Surprisingly, scientists today understand little about memory and how it works．They have not yet found a way to open up the brain and observe its function without destroying it．Perhaps there are two types of memory：short-term and long-term．Short-term refers to those facts that stay with us for a few seconds to a few hours．For instance, when you stay at a hotel, you remember the room number and forget as soon as you leave．Long-term memory, on the other hand, means you remember things for a long period of time．If you spend your honeymoon in a particular hotel, its likely that you'll remember your stay quite clearly．

　　Scientists also believe that a short-term memory can become a long-term memory through consolidation(巩固)．A lot of chemical and physical changes take place in the part of the brain．Although the human brain weighs three pounds, it contains 30 billion nerve cells(神经细胞)acting like a computer．When those changes strengthen the links in certain nerve cells, a thought becomes part of the long-term memory．

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　　The report came to the British on May 21,1941．The German battleship Bismarck, the most powerful warship in the world, was moving out into the Atlantic Ocean．Her task：to destroy the ships carrying supplies from the United States to war- torn English．

　　The British had feared such a task．No warship they had could match the Bismarck in speed or in firepower．The Bismarck had eight 15-inch guns and 81 smaller guns．She could move at 30 nautical(航海的)miles an hour．She was believed to be unsinkable．

　　However, the British had to sink her．They sent out a task force headed by their best battleship Hood to hunt down the Bismarck．On May 24, the Hood found the Bismarck．

　　It was a meeting that the German commander Luetjens did not want to see．His orders were to destroy the British ships that were carrying supplies, but to stay away from a fight with British warships．

　　The battle didn't last long．The Bismarck's first torpedo(鱼雷)hit the Hood, which went town taking all but three of her 1,419 men with her．

　　But in the fight, the Bismarck was slightly damaged．Her commander decided to run for repairs to France, which had at that time been taken by the Germans．The British force followed her．However, because of the Bismarck's speed and the heavy fog, they lost sight of her．

　　For two days, every British ship in the Atlantic tried to find the Bismarck, but with no success．Finally, she was sighted by a plane from Ireland．Trying to slow the Bismarck down so that their ships could catch up with her, the British fired at her from the air．The Bismarck was hit．

　　On the morning of May 27, the last battle was fought．Four British ships fired on the Bismarck, and she was finally sunk．

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　　In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition(学会)of each new skill－the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing．It is common that parents hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child．This might happen at any stage．A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, and a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads．On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm(热情)for life and his desire to find out new things for himself．

　　Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children．Some may be especially strict in money matters; others are severe over time of coming home at night or punctuality(准时)for meals．In general, the controls imposed(强加的)represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community(社区)as well as the child's own happiness．

　　As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching．To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality．Also, parents should realize that“example is better than precept”．If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach(说教), their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled．

　　A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents' principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment．

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　　Beijing Hikers is organizing a hike in Beijing's northeastern Pinggu District along valleys, over hills and through winter woods before you at last reach a few little quiet villages located(坐落)in amazingly beautiful places．Prepare for a real hike!

　　Meet at 8∶30 am, Dec 18 in front of Lido Holiday Inn, Jiangtai Lu．Please write to info@beijinghikers.com or 139-100-25516．

　　Board(乘坐)the overnight train to Datong in Shanxi Province and spend the next day visiting the Yungang caves．While there, check out the other sites in the area before heading back to Beijing by soft sleeper．

　　Time：December 17 to 18

　　Cost：920 yuan(US ＄113.50)including two overnight sleepers, local transportation, tickets, meals and tour guide．

　　To sign-up and more information, contact Lucy at lucy@highclub.cn or 8580－5080, 130－1117－1326．

　　Discover a lost world

　　Cycle China plans a trip taking in the Cock Crow Town, which was introduced by Beijing Weekend(Nov 25 to 27)．The trip first takes in a faraway village famous for cave dwellings(窑洞)and a ruined section of the Great Wall before reaching the town．250 yuan(US ＄30.86)including transportation, guide and lunch．Meet at 8 am, Dec 10 opposite the east gate of Jingshan Park, Xicheng District．Email reserve@cyclechina.com or call 139－1188－6524．

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　　Many people like the feeling of the gentle wind in spring．Many like to see the falling leaves dancing in the wind in autumn．But sometimes, when the wind becomes a storm, it can be very destructive(毁灭性的)．

　　A series of such storms struck the US last month and caused very serious damage and human pain．

　　Every year, major storms cause many problems around the world．There is nothing people can do to stop these powerful forces of nature．But new techniques are helping scientists to predict(预测)how, when, and where big storms will happen．The more exact scientists' warnings are, the better people can prepare for the storms．

　　Predictions are improving．“We've gotten better over the years, especially the last few years,”says Phil Klotzback, a scientist at an American university．How is a storm formed? Even if scientists know where a storm will happen, winds can suddenly change, carrying the storm to a new direction．“For a hurricane to happen, conditions have to be just right,”Klotzback says．

　　First, the ocean water needs to be warm enough so that it evaporates and rises into the air．As it rises, the vapor(水蒸气)cools and turns back into liquid．This process gives off heat．This produces energy like an engine that causes winds to increase．It drives the formation(形成)of a hurricane．

　　If wind speeds reach 40 miles per hour, the system is called a“tropical storm”(热带风暴), and it gets a name．At 75 miles per hour, it becomes a hurricane．

　　Hurricanes that hit the US start when a thunderstorm forms off the coast of Africa．Storms also develop over tropical waters in other parts of the world．

　　On average, 60 or 70 storms form off Africa every year．About 10 of them get names．There are usually about six hurricanes．Two tend to be very big, with winds of 115 miles per hour or higher．

　　The hurricane season lasts from June to November．Ninety percent of all hurricanes hit in August, September, and October．

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　　Yong Scottish actress Leung, who plays Harry's crush(迷恋的对象)Cho Chang in“Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire,”stopped in Beijing and was headed for Hong Kong to prmote(宣传)the film with Warner Bros manager．

　　Though she speaks no Chinese, Leung, 18, said she was excited to meet“Harry”fans at a cinema near Beijing University．

　　“I think everybody here is proud of me．I'm Chinese and I think my trip here will be good for the film,”said Leung, whose parents left Hong Kong before she was born．

　　“Goblet”was the first of the four“Harry”films to open in China day-and-date with the United States, Nov 18．

　　In its opening weekend in China,“Goblet”earned ＄4.1 million．By November 22 it had added up to ＄5.1 million, beating the ＄4.7 million earned by“Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban”in China last fall．

　　“China is not a market that is used to talent visits, so having Katie Leung there will contribute to keeping the heat on the movie,”said Veronika Kwan-Rubnek, president of Warner Bros International in an e-mail．

　　Chinese reporters gathered around Leung in an expensive Western hotel meeting room, fired questions and took pictures as she sat by posters of“Harry”star Daniel Radcliffe．

　　“Your role is not so big, are you disappointed?”asked one reporter, and another asked,“How do you deal with the negative opinions from Harry fans who have said bad things about you on the Web?”

　　Wearing a dark red sweater over blue jeans, Leung smiled and said she was happy simply to be in so big film．

　　“Because Cho's character is so much about her image, because that's what Harry's attracted to, her beauty, I know I just can't satisfy everybody,”Leung said．

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　　Most people, when they travel to space, would like to stay in orbit for a few days or more．And this stands to reason, if you're paying ＄20,000 for your trip to orbit! So in order for tourism to reach its full potential there's going to be a need for orbital accommodation－or space hotels．What would a space hotel actually be like to visit? Hotels in orbit will offer the services you expect from a hotel－private rooms, meals, bars．But they'll also offer two unique experiences：impressive views－of Earth and space－and the endless entertainment of living in zero gravity－including sports and other activities that make use of this．

　　The hotels themselves will vary greatly－from being quite simple in the early days to huge luxury structure at a later date．It's actually surprising that as late as 1997, very few designs for space hotels were published．This is mainly because those who might be expected to design them haven't expected launch costs to come down far enough to make them possible．

　　Lots of people who've been to space have described vividly what it's like to live in zero gravity．There are obviously all sorts of possibilities for dancing, gymnastics, and zero-G sports．Luckily, you don't need to sleep much living in zero gravity, so you'll have plenty of time for relaxing by hanging out in a bar with a window looking down at the turning Earth below．

　　Of course all good things have come to an end, unfortunately, And so after a few days you'll find yourself heading back though you'll be much more expert at exercising in zero gravity than you were when you arrived．You'll be thinking how soon you can save up enough to get back up again－or maybe you should change jobs to get to work in an orbiting hotel．

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　　Far from the land of Antarctica, a huge shelf of ice meets the ocean．At the underside of the shelf there lives a small fish, the Antarctic cod．

　　For forty years scientists have been curious about that fish．How does it live where most fish would freeze to death? It must have some secret．The Antarctic is not a comfortable place to work and research has been slow．Now it seems we have an answer．

　　Research was begun by cutting holes in the ice and catching the fish．Scientists studied the fish's blood and measured its freezing point．

　　The fish were taken from seawater that had a temperature of－1.88℃ and many tiny pieces of ice floating in it．The blood of the fish did not begin to freeze until its temperature was lowered to－2.05℃．That small difference is enough for the fish to live at the freezing temperature of the ice-salt mixture．

　　The scientists' next research job was clear：Find out what in the fish's blood kept it from freezing．Their search led to some really strange thing made up of a protein(蛋白质)never before seen in the blood of a fish．When it was removed, the blood froze at seawater temperature．When it was put back, the blood again had its antifreeze quality and a lowered freezing point．

　　Study showed that it is an unusual kind of protein．It has many small sugar molecules(分子)held in special positions within each big protein molecule．Because of its sugar content, it is called a glycoprotein．So it has come to be called the antifreeze fish glycoprotein，or AFGP．

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　　Tom was one of the brightest boys in the year, with supportive parents．But when he was 15 he suddenly stopped trying．He left school at 16 with only two scores for secondary school subjects．One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer(同龄人)group．

　　The lack of right male(男性的)role models in many of their lives－at home and particularly in the school environment－means that their peers are the only people they have to judge themselves against．

　　They don't see men succeeding in society so it doesn't occur to them that they could make something of themselves．Without male teachers as a role model, the effect of peer actions and street culture is all-powerful．Boys want to be part of a club．However, schools can provide the environment for change, and provide the right role models for them．Teachers need to be trained to stop that but not in front of a child's peers．You have to do it one to one, because that is when you see the real child．

　　It's pointless(无意义的)sending a child home if he or she has done wrong．They see it as a welcome day off to watch television or play computer games．Instead, schools should have a special unit where a child who has done wrong goes for the day and gets advice about his problems－somewhere he can work away from his peers and go home after the other children．

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