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　　Motorists over the age of 75 face compulsory tests of their eyesight and ability to drive under proposals being considered by ministers．

　　The biggest overhaul of motoring law in a generation could also lead to all drivers having to give assurances(保证)of their fitness to get behind the wheel every 10 years．

　　Other changes under consideration include issuing(发放)daylight driving licenses for motorists with night blindness, together with stricter checks on all drivers whose medical condition brought a threat to other road users．

　　It is understood that the proposals will be part of a review of the law governing the medical fitness of drivers that will be announced publicly by the summer．

　　The Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency is dealing with a rising number of motorists who are concerned that they have conditions---from failing eyesight to epilepsy－that could affect their driving．

　　In 2006, the DVLA dealt with 600,000 motorists whose physical ability to drive needed to be recertified(重新认证), a 20 per cent rise on the previous year．With an ageing population, the biggest challenge is dealing with the rising number of elderly motorists．By 2021, there will be an estimated three million drivers over the age of 70 on Britain’s roads．

　　Drivers must renew their licenses at the age of 70 and every three years thereafter．The applicant is legally required to tell the DVLA of any conditions that could weaken their ability behind the wheel．

　　Ministers have ruled out a compulsory maximum age for driving but will instead rely on tightening up the checks on motorists over the age of 75．The most likely option would be tests to ensure motorists were fit to drive．They would include an eyesight test and a cognitive(认知)test that would prove a driver's ability to react to road signs, driving conditions, pedestrians and vehicles．

　　However, checks are likely to be tightened at all ages．The strictest controls are expected to be imposed(强制)on motorists of any age who have had a heart attack or stroke．They could have to produce a doctor's approval to resume(重新得到)driving．Anyone making a false declaration would be guilty of a criminal offence．

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　　Invented in Turkey and patented by Nanopool, a German company, the spray-on liquid glass might become one of the most useful inventions in the field of nanotechnology．The product was tested at the Saarbrücken Institute for New Materials．

　　It is worth mentioning that the invention is transparent and non-poisonous．The liquid glass can protect any type of surface from damages caused by water, UV radiation, dirt, heat, and bacterial infections．Besides, it is flexible and breathable, which means that the liquid glass can be applied on plants and seeds as well．Researchers found that the spray greatly increases the resistance of plants to bacteria-caused diseases．The trials also showed that the sprayed seeds grew faster．

　　Depending on the type of surface that is to be covered, researchers can add water or ethanol to the spray．Scientists say that their latest invention has a long-lasting anti-bacterial effect．The spray produces a coating that is just 100nm thick．Trials by food processing plants in Germany have concluded that foods covered with the glass can store longer than those stored in normal condition．

　　According to Neil McClelland, UK project manager with Nanopool, due to its capabilities, the spray-on liquid glass can become one of the most useful inventions around the world, ending up being used by a lot of industries that will cover their products．At present, the invention is being used by a train company and a hotel chain in the UK, as well as a hamburger chain in Germany that are carrying out tests of the liquid glass for various uses．

　　The spray-on liquid glass was also tested in a Lancashire hospital, where it showed “very promising” results, being used to cover medical equipment and bandages．The invention could be also used on clothing, because it cannot be seen by the naked eye, thus clothes could become stain resistant．Due to its unique characteristics, the liquid glass can be used to cover bathrooms, sinks and many other surfaces in the home．According to the researchers, the spay-on glass can last for a year．It is expected to hit the DIY stores across Britain at a price of 5 pounds．

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　　What is Home-stay? Literally it is a home for you to stay when you are not home．To be specific, home-stay provides foreign language students with the opportunity to speak native language outside the classroom and the experience of being part of a local home．Here is what you will experience in our British Home-stay Program．

　　What to Expect

　　The host will provide accommodation and meals．Rooms will be cleaned and bedcovers changed at least once a week．You will be given the house key and the host is there to offer help and advice as well as to take an interest in your physical and mental health．

　　Accommodation Zones

　　Homestays are located in London mainly in Zones 2, 3 and 4 of the transport system．Most hosts do not live in the town centre(Zone 1)as much of central London is commercial and not residential(居住的)．Zones 3 and 4 often offer smaller accommodation in a more crowded area．It is very convenient to travel in London by Underground．

　　Meal Plans Available

　　Continental Breakfast

　　Breakfast and Dinner

　　Breakfast, Packed Lunch and Dinner

　　It’s important to note that few English families still provide a traditional cooked breakfast．Your accommodation includes Continental Breakfast which normally consists of fruit juice, cereal(谷物类食品), bread and tea or coffee．Cheese, fruit and cold meat are not normally part of a Continental Breakfast in England．Dinners usually consist of meat or fish with vegetables followed by desert, fruit and coffee．

　　Friends

　　If you wish to invite a friend over to visit, you must first ask your host’s permission．You have no right to entertain friends in a family home as some families feel it is an invasion of their privacy．

　　Self-Catering Accommodation in Private Homes

　　Accommodation on a room-only basis includes shared kitchen and bathroom facilities and often a main living room．This kind of accommodation offers an independent lifestyle and is more suitable for the long-stay student．However, it does not provide the same family atmosphere as an ordinary home-stay and may not benefit those who need to practice English at home quite as much．

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　　Hey there,

　　So you’re about to spend four years of your life and tens of thousands of dollars of your parents’ money, and all you really know about college is that all of your friends are going．Do you ever stop to wonder why you’re going?

　　Relax．You’re making the right decision．First of all, you’ll discover what interests you by taking courses in many subjects．For example, it’s hard to decide if you want to be a painter if you’ve never painted any pictures; once you’re in a drawing-room on campus, you’ll know one way or the other．College is also a lot of fun－after you graduate, you’ll be working every weekday for 50 or so years．And remember that college graduates earn about twice the income of those who never attended college．

　　Finding the right college can be difficult．Fortunately, Johnson Review is here to help you every step of the way．

　　*Researching Schools．To us, the most important decision you’ll make is to choose the school that really fits you best－not the one that is the most competitive or has the best-equipped rooms．

　　*Applying to School．On JohnsonReview．com, you’ll find hundreds of actual college applications(申请)and links to many more．

　　*Raising Your Scores．American College Test is one of the most important parts of the admissions(录取)course．It’s not the most important, though, and not everyone needs to prepare for the best．But, if you think you can do better, find the right course for better scores．

　　*Paying for School．Most families need financial aid for the high cost of college．The problem is that financial aid seems difficult to get and many families get caught up in the price of college rather than learning the ways to get financial aid．If you really do your research, you’ll learn that you can afford to attend any college, no matter the cost．

　　For more information, call 600-3681 or visit Johnson Review．com．Wherever you go, have a nice trip!

　　Johnson Smith

Founder and CEO

Johnson Review

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　　I was an extremely verbal child, and growing up with my dad was an experiment in linguistics(语言学)．My father was a man of few words．Whenever I wanted his permission for a certain activity, I planned a speech that included who would be there, where it would take place, how long it would last, and why it was an incredibly wonderful opportunity for me．He would listen and then say either “Yes” or “No．” There were never any qualifiers; not “Yes, but be home by dinner” or “No, unless you can convince me otherwise．” It was yes or no, plain and simple．

　　My father’s phone messages were also lessons in patience and long-suffering to a teenage girl．I was quite active in high school．Not only did I enjoy being involved in many areas, but I came into contact with many a great teenage guy．I can recall one busy day when I had met two great guys and had given each of them my phone number．The first words out of my mouth when I walked through the front door were, “Dad! Did anyone call?” His answer, of course, was simply, “Yes．” I required for a more accurate description of the caller．His answer：“A boy．” Since I had met two guys that day, this did not help me．I ran to my room in tears．

　　Knowing my dad’s dislike of language in general and his fondness for briefness, it surprised me to hear that he was going to teach the eleven-year-old boys’ Sunday school class．He did so for not one, but many years．I always wondered if he actually said anything, or if they all just sat in their chairs and stared at each other．I was sure that if people were waiting on my father to break the ice with brilliant conversation or a springboard comment, they’d be badly disappointed．Still, September after September, my father hung his sign outside the Sunday school room：Mr．Ernst--Eleven-Year-Old Boys．

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　　Apple Inc co-founder and former CEO Steve Jobs, considered among the greatest American CEOs of his generation, died on Wednesday at the age of 56, after a year-long and highly public battle with cancer．

　　Jobs’ health had been a hot topic for years．His battle with cancer had been a deep concern to Apple fans, investors(投资人)and the company’s board alike．

　　Jobs’ death was announced by Apple in a statement late on Wednesday．They Apple．com homepage featured a black-and-white picture of him with the words“Steve Jobs, 1955-2011”．A message on the site read, “Apple has lost a creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being．”

　　“Steve’s brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless creations that enrich and improve all of our lives．The world is immeasurably better because of Steve, ” Apple said in a statement announcing Jobs’ passing．

　　The news caused an immediate outpouring of sympathy．Microsoft co –founder Bill Gates said he will miss Jobs “immensely”

　　“By building one of the planet’s most successful companies from his garage, he was a typi-cal example of the spirit of American ingenuity(独创性)．By making computers personal and putting the Internet in our pockets, he made the information revolution not only accessible．but fun, And by turning his talents to storytelling, he has brought joy millions of children and growu-ups alike．” said President Barack Obama．

　　Now, despite investor confidence in Cook, who has taken the place of his boss during three leaves of absence, there remain concerns about whether the company would stay creative without its founder at the helm．(掌舵)。

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　　Wugging, or web-use giving describes the act of giving to charity at no cost to the user．By using Everyclick．com, which is being added to a number of university computers across the UK, students can raise money every time they search; but it won’t cost them a penny．

　　Research shows that students are extremely passionate about supprting charity-88％ of full-time students have used the In tenet to give to charity．This age group is often the least likely to have their own income．19％ of 22 year olds have short-term debts of more than ￡5, 000．With rising personal debt levels in this age group, due to university tuition fees or personal loans and a lack of long-term savings, traditional methods of donating to charity are often not appealing or possible．

　　Beth Truman, a 21-year-old recent university graduate, has used Everyclick．com to donate to her chosen charity, the RSPCA, for two years and has seen the “wugging” grow in popularity with students．“wugging”grow in popularity with students．“When you’re at university you become more socially aware, but it’s sometimes hard to give to others when you have little money yourself, “says Beth．“Wugging is great for people in this age group as it allows them to use the technology on a daily basis to give to charity, without costing them a single penny．”

　　Wugging is perfect for people who want to be more socially aware and supportive but don’t feel they have the means to do so．Students using the web can raise money for causes they care about without costing them anything in terms of time or money, and charities get a valuable source of funding．

　　Everyclick．com works like any other search engine, allowing users to search for information, news and images but uses can decide which of the UK’s 170, 000 charities they would like to support through their clicks, Everyclick．com then makes monthly payments to every registered charity．

　　Launched in June 2005, Everyclick．com is now the eighth largest search engine and one of the busiest charity websites in the UK．

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　　You may feel it is difficult to make a choice standing in front of the produce section of your local supermarket．In one hand you’re holding a traditionally grown Granny Smith apple．In your other hand, you have one that’s been organically grown．Both apples are firm, shiny and green．Both provide vitamins and fiber, and both are free of fat．sodium(钠)and cholesterol(胆固醇)

　　The traditionally grown apple costs less and is a proven family favorite．But the organic apple has a label that says“USDA Organic”, Does that mean it’s Better? Safer? More nutritious?

　　Several differences between organic and non-organic foods exist．Become a better informed consumer for your next trip to the supermarket．

　　The word“organic”refers to the way farmers grow and process products, such as fruits, vegetable, grains, daily products and meat．Organic farming practices are designed to encourage soil and water protection and reduce pollution．Farmers who grow organic produce and meat don’t use traditional methods to fertilize, control weeds or prevent livestock(牲口)disease．

　　Here are other differences between traditional farming and organic farming．

　　*Organic or not? Check the label．

　　The U．S．Department of Agriculture(USDA)has started an organic certification program that requires all organic foods to meet strict standards which regulate how such foods are grown, handled and processed．Any farmer or food manufacturer who labels and sells a product as organic must be USDA certified as meeting these standards．Only producers who sell less than ＄ 5, 000 a year in organic foods are exempt(免除)from this certification．

　　If a food bears a USDA Organic label, it means it’s produced and processed according to the USDA standards．The seal is voluntary, but many organic producers use it．

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　　A migraine(偏头疼)can cause disabling pain．People may not feel back to normal for hours or even days, Migraines are most common among young adults and middle-aged people．In the United States, about eighteen percent of women and six percent of men percent of men report having migraines．

　　People who suffer from migraines can find that different“triggers”(诱因)in different people may get a headache started．Stress can act as a trigger．So can chocolate in some people．Many migraine sufferers say hot weather and low barometric pressure(大气压)can act as triggers．But researchers say they did not have much scientific evidence of that－until now．

　　In a new study, a team examined the medical records of seven thousand hospital patients．The patients had visited the emergency room at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts, because of a headache．More than two thousand of them had been found to have a migraine．

　　The team then compared those records to weather conditions in the twenty-four hours before the hospital visits．For every increase of five degrees centigrade in air temperature, the patients had a seven and one-half percent higher risk of migraine．Decreases in barometric pressure two to three days before the visit also appeared to trigger headaches．

　　The researchers found no evidence that air pollution influenced headaches．But they could not rule out the possibility of a smaller effect．

　　A separate study has found that age, gender and where a person has extra body fat my affect the risk of migraine．It found that overweight people between the ages twenty and fifty-five may have a higher risk．On average, those who were larger around the middle were more likely to have migraines than those of the same age with smaller waistlines．

　　The study involved twenty-two thousand people．It was led by Lee Peterlin．She says early results that losing weight in the stomach area may help younger people who experience migraines, especially women．

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　　Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use．This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives．

　　To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so．Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a mainly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today．It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized．In terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the product it was relatively inefficient．

　　Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution．Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields．Throughout this period food became cheaper, safer and more reliable．However, these changes have also led to habitat loss and to reducing biodiversity．

　　All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th．This will require thorough thinking．For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are certainly more sustainable than new ones．We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be “zero impact”．The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static(稳定的)measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage．Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons of all the various way land is used．There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield：energy use, environmental costs, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity．It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting．But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity．

　　What is important is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production．