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　　It is pretty much a one-way street．While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction．Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job．For some industrial scientists, however, the attractions of academia(学术界)outweigh any financial considerations．

　　Helen Lee took a 70％ cut in salary when she moved from a senior post in Abbott Laboratories to a medical department at the University of Cambridge．Her main reason for returning to academia mid-career was to take advantage of the greater freedom to choose research questions．Some areas of inquiry have few prospects of a commercial return, and Lee’s is one of them．

　　The impact of a salary cut is probably less severe for a scientist in the early stages of a career．Guy Grant, now a research associate at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics at the University of Cambridge, spent two years working for a pharmaceutical(制药的)company before returning to university as a post-doctoral researcher．He took a 30％ salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the greater intellectual opportunities．

　　Higher up the ladder, where a pay cut is usually more significant, the demand for scientists with a wealth of experience in industry is forcing universities to make the transition(转换)to academia more attractive, according to Lee．Industrial scientists tend to receive training that academics do not, such as how to build a multidisciplinary team, manage budgets and negotiate contracts．They are also well placed to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic role that will help students get a job when they graduate, says Lee, perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development．“Only a small number of undergraduates will continue in an academic career．So someone leaving university who already has the skills needed to work in an industrial lab has far more potential in the job market than someone who has spent all their time on a narrow research project．”

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　　No one else knew about the extra club(高尔夫球杆)in Zach Nash's golf bag．It belonged to a friend, and Zach forgot it was there as he played his way to victory in a junior tournament(锦标赛)this summer in Wisconsin, US．

　　The 14-year-old accepted his medal, and celebrated with grandparents who had come from a long way to watch．But when he stopped by his country club to share the news, a professional player noticed something wrong．"Count your clubs," he told the teenager．

　　Fifteen－one more than allowed．Zach's eyes filled with tears．

　　If Zach had just won a basketball championship or a soccer game and someone had discovered an offence after the win, it would not have mattered．

　　Bending the rules has become acceptable, if not encouraged, in many sports．It is nothing unusual for soccer players to dive to the turf(假摔)in hopes of drawing fouls(造成对方犯规)．

　　Golf is different．In a win-at-all-costs world, the game holds itself to a higher standard．

　　Golf isn't a game where referees watch closely．In golf tournaments, dozens of competitors are spread across acres of land, so officials cannot hope to see each shot．Competitors call penalties on themselves．

　　Players feel the weight of history．Golf dates to at least the 15th century, but it became popular as a pastime(消遣)for the wealthy who seemed to have strict codes for every occasion, even when it came to shooting at each other in fights．

　　"It was a sport for gentlemen, not laborers, and gentlemen did not care about winning．They cared about doing the right thing," said Robert Simon, a golf coach at Hamilton College in New York．

　　Honesty became a symbol of honor．When one of the game's early stars, Bobby Jones, was praised for calling a penalty on himself at the 1925 US Open．He replied："You might as well praise a man for not robbing a bank．"

　　So even the error had no effect on Zach's final score－he never used the extra club．The teenager packed up his medal and dropped it in the mail．"But this was golf, and rules are rules．I just knew what I had to do," he said．

　　Then came another tournament．Before teeing off, Zach counted his clubs－four times．

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　　All short-haul flights out of Heathrow were cancelled while Eurostar passengers in London queued around the block．Gatwick Airport is shut and wil1 not reopen unti1 Tuesday．The government has apologized for spoiling so many people's Christmases and the Met Office has warned of more snow and ice in parts of the UK overnight．

　　Heathrow airport officials said no more than a third of all flights would operate until Wednesday and warned passengers to expect delays and cancellations, possibly until Christmas Day．Overcrowding was so bad in some areas that passengers with flights scheduled to depart from terminals 1 or 3 on Monday were told not to travel to the airport．It was said the south runway would remain closed on Tuesday and advised people not to travel to the airport unless their airline had confirmed the booking．

　　Transport Secretary Philip Hammond said aviation was a “safety-first business”．And in a statement, Mr．Hammond said rules on night flights would be relaxed for the next four days to help dea1 with the backlog．This would mean allowing incoming flights to arrive through the night．

　　Elsewhere in Europe, airports in Frankfurt, Paris, F1orence and Amsterdam were severely disrupted(混乱)in addition to disruption to road and rail travel．By Monday evening, problems on the motorways seemed to be easing but BBC Travel was reporting severe disruption on the M25 in Surrey and the M58 in Merseyside．

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　　Having good etiquette(礼节)at the workplace is very important to be a favorite in an office．However, it's observed that many people aren't aware of the workplace etiquette and this creates a very bad impression in the office．So it's important to know some workplace etiquette tips．

　　Among all the workplace etiquette guidelines, the most important is to be punctual to your office．Though going late due to an emergency is okay, habitual late comers are never appreciated in any organization．By arriving at your office on time, you show that you're aware of your responsibilities and have respect for the organization．In case you feel that you would be late, call the concerned authority and report the matter to him or her．

　　Also, a proper knowledge of the workplace email etiquette is a must．In the official emails, you need to mention the subject concisely, while at the same time include all the important details which are to be shared．You should use good and grammatically correct language while writing emails．

　　A knowledge of telephone etiquette in the workplace is very important as well．While talking on the telephone, be polite and listen to what they're saying carefully．Only then should you say what you feel．Speak in a voice which would be heard clearly at the other end．

　　The workplace guidelines are important even while you're dining or celebrating with your co-workers．If you get a call in between, receive it after you're permitted by the others by saying "excuse me"．Don't talk loudly while eating．Greeting people well and try to make them feel comfortable while, being in your company．

　　These guidelines will help you become the best employee of a company．All the best!

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　　“In only six days I lost seven pounds of weight．”

　　“Two full inches in the first three days!”

　　These are the kinds of statements used in magazine, newspaper radio and television ads, promising new shapes and new looks to those who buy the medicine or the device．The promoters of products say they can shape the legs, slim the face, smooth wrinkles, or in some other way to add to beauty or desirability．

　　Often such products are nothing more than money-making things for their promoters．The results they produce are questionable, and some are dangerous to health．

　　To understand how these products can be legally promoted to the public, it is necessary to understand something of the laws covering their regulation．If the product is a drug, FDA(Food and Drug Administration)can require proof under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act that it is safe and effective before it is put on the market．But if the product is a device, FDA has no authority to require premarketing proof of safety or effectiveness．If a product already on the market is a danger to health, FDA can request the producer or distributor to remove it from the market voluntarily, or it can take legal action, including seizure(查封)of the product．

　　One notable case a few years ago involved an electrical device called the Relaxacisor, which had been sold for reducing the waistline．The Relaxacisor produced electrical shocks to the body through contact pads．FDA took legal action against the distributor to stop the sale of the device on the grounds that it was dangerous to health and life．

　　Obviously, most of the devices on the market have never been the subject of court proceedings(法律诉讼), and new devices appear continually．Before buying, it is up to the consumer to judge the safety or effectiveness of such items．

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　　The early 1900s were very different from today．Toys, though they have evolved in many ways, were still the delight of children everywhere．

　　Theodore Roosevelt's Presidency marks the beginning of the “Teddy Bear”．In the year 1902, toy bears were named “Teddy” after the president's nickname．The Teddy Bear became known worldwide, and is still known and loved today．It was only a few years later that the Teddy Bears were mass produced．

　　In 1913, an item called the Erector Set was invented．It was a steel, motorized toy that children could use to build models of anything．Its creator was A．C．Gilbert, a medical doctor．

　　Charles Pajeau created a similar wooden set called Tinker Toys in the year 1914．Tinker Toys were made for younger children．

　　Raggedy Ann dolls first came on the scene after newspaper cartoonist Johnny Gruelle reproduced the doll he made for his daughter．That was in 1915．

　　The following year, an architect's son named John Lloyd Wright, invented Lincoln Logs, which were interlocked to make structures．

　　Two years after Mickey Mouse was created, stuffed(填塞)Mickey Mouse dolls were made by Charlotte Clark．This was the start of Disney merchandise．

　　The yo-yo became popular in the United States after Donald Duncan bought a yo-yo company in 1929．

　　The View-Master, a three dimensional viewer, was developed by a camera enthusiast named William Gruber．The toy became popular when Gruber licensed Disney characters to make still, 3-D images from Disney movies and television programs．

　　Finally, in 1940, model airplanes were mass produced．They started out as a way for manufacturers to sell planes to the military, but later caught on as a toy．

　　The toys that we know and love today have had their roots from these ancient times．Isn't it interesting to know that if it hadn't been for all these creative people, most of the games you know today would never have been?

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　　As a child, I was really afraid of the dark and of getting lost．These fears were very real and caused me some uncomfortable moments．

　　Maybe it was the strange way things looked and sounded in my own room at night that scared me so much．There was never complete darkness, but always a streetlight or passing car lights, which made clothes on the back of a chair take on the shape of a wild animal．Out of the corner of my eye, I saw the curtains seem to move when there was no wind．A very low sound in the floor would seem a hundred times louder than in the day．My imagination(想象)would run wild, and my heart would beat fast．I would lie very still so that the “enemy”(敌人)would not discover me．

　　Another of my childhood fears was that I would get lost, especially on the way home from school．Every morning I got on the school bus right near my home．That was no problem．After school, though, when all the buses were lined up along the street, I was afraid that I would get in the wrong one and be taken to some other strange places．On school or family trips to a park or a museum, I wouldn't let the leaders out of my sight．

　　One of the processes(过程)of growing up is being able to realize and overcome our fears．Understanding the things that scared us as children helps us achieve greater success later in life．

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　　Earthquakes are something that people fear．There are some places that have few or no earthquakes．Most places in the world, however, have them regularly(有规律地)．Countries that have a lot of earthquakes are usually quite mountainous．

　　The most talked about earthquake in the United States was in San Francisco in 1906．Over 700 people died in it．The strongest one in North America was in 1964．It happened in Alaska．

　　Strong earthquakes are not always the ones that kill the most people．In 1755, one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded was felt in Portugal．Around 2,000 people died．In 1923, a very strong earthquake hit Tokyo, the Yokohama area of Japan．A hundred and forty thousand people died．Most of them died in fires which followed the earthquake．

　　One of the worst earthquakes ever was in China in 1976．It killed a large number of people．The worst earthquake ever recorded was also in China, in which 400,000 people were killed or injured．This earthquake happened in 1556．

　　Earthquakes worry people a lot．The reason is that we often do not know when they are coming．People can not prepare for it．Although we cannot stop earthquakes, there are things which can be done to protect ourselves during an earthquake．

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