阅读理解

　　Anyone who cares about what schools and colleges teach and how their students learn will be interested in the memoir(回忆录)of Ralph W．Tyler, who is one of the most famous men in American education．

　　Born in Chicago in 1902, brought up and schooled in Nebraska, the 19-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked on teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education．

　　Graduate work at the University of Chicago found him connected with honorable educators Charles Judd and W．W．Charters, whose ideas of teaching and testing had an effect on his later work．In 1927, he became a teacher of Ohio State University where he further developed a new method of testing．

　　Tyler became well-known nationality in 1938, when he carried his work with the Eight-Year Study from Ohio State University to the University of Chicago at the invitation of Robert Hutchins．

　　Tyler was the first director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, a position he held for fourteen years．There, he firmly believed that researchers should be free to seek an independent(独立的)spirit in their work．

　　Although Tyler officially retired in 1967, he never actually retired．He served on a long list of educational organizations in the United States and abroad．Even in his 80s he traveled across the country to advise teachers and management people on how to set objectives(目标)that develop the best teaching and learning within their schools．

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阅读理解

　　Our “Mommy and Me” time began two years ago．My next-door neighbor and fellow mother, Christie, and I were out in our front yards, watching seven children of age 6 and under ride their bikes up and down．“I wish I could take one of my children out alone,” said Christie．

　　Then we worked out a plan：When Christie takes one of her children out, I'll watch her other three．And when she watches two of mine, I'll take someone out．

　　The children were extremely quick to accept the idea of “Mommy and Me” time．Christie's daughter, McKenzie, went first．When she returned, the other children showered her with tons of questions．McKenzie was smiling broadly．Christie looked refreshed and happy．“She's like a different child when there's no one else around,” Christie shared with me quickly．With her mother all to herself, McKenzie didn't have to make an effort to gain attention．

　　Just as Christie had noticed changes in McKenzie, I also discovered something different in each of my children during our alone times．For example, I am always surprised when my daughter, who is seldom close to me, holds my hand frequently．My stuttering(口吃的)son, Tom, doesn't stutter once during our activities since he doesn't have to struggle for a chance to speak．And the other son, Sam, who's always a follower when around other children shines as a leader during our times together．

　　The “Mommy and Me” time allows us to be simply alone and away with each child-talking, sharing, and laughing, which has been the biggest gain．Every child deserves(应得到)to be an only child at least once in a while．

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阅读理解

　　Many animals recognize their food because they see it．So do humans．When you see an apple or a piece of chocolate you know that these are things you can eat．You can also use other senses when you choose your food．You may like it because it smells good or because it tastes good．You may dislike some types of food because they do not look, smell or taste very nice．Different animals use different senses to find and choose their food．A few animals depend on only one of their senses, while most animals use more than one sense．

　　Although there are many different types of food, some animals spend their lives eating only one type．The giant panda(大熊猫)eats only one particular type of bamboo(竹子)．Other animals eat only one type of food even when given the choice．A kind of white butterfly(蝴蝶)will stay on the leaves of a cabbage, even though there are plenty of other vegetables in the garden．However, most animals have a more varied diet(多样化饮食)．The bear eats fruits and fish．The fox eats small animals, birds and fruits．The diet of these animals will be different depending on the season．

　　Humans have a very varied diet．We often eat food because we like it and not because it is good for us．In countries such as France and Britain, people eat foods with too much sugar．This makes them overweight, which is bad for their health．Eating too much red meat and animal products, such as butter, can also be bad for the health．Choosing the right food, therefore, has become an area of study in modern life．

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阅读理解

　　It was a winter morning, just a couple of weeks before Christmas 2005．While most people were warming up their cars, Trevor, my husband, had to get up early to ride his bike four kilometers away from home to work．On arrival, he parked his bike outside the back door as he usually does．After putting in 10 hours of labor, he returned to find his bike gone．

　　The bike, a black Kona 18 speed, was our only transport．Trevor used it to get to work, putting in 60-hour weeks to support his young family．And the bike was also used to get groceries(食品杂货)，saving us from having to walk long distances from where we live．

　　I was so sad that someone would steal our bike that I wrote to the newspaper and told them our story．Shortly after that, several people in our area offered to help．One wonderful stranger even bought a bike, then called my husband to pick it up．Once again my husband had a way to get to and from his job．It really is an honor that a complete stranger would go out of their way for someone they have never met before．

　　People say that a smile can be passed from one person to another, but acts of kindness from strangers are even more so．This experience has had a spreading effect in our lives because it strengthened our faith in humanity(人性)as a whole．And it has influenced(影响)us to be more mindful of ways we, too, can share with others．No matter how big or how small, an act of kindness shows that someone cares．And the results can be everlasting．

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阅读理解

　　It was Satuday．As always, it was the one, for “Six days, shall you labar and all your work”was taken senously back then, Outside, Father and Mr．Patnce ncxt door were bxsy conny tcood lnside the wiel users Mother ane Mrs．Patrick were enpted in seeng cleaning

　　Somehow the boy s had shipped away to the back lot with their kites．Now, evet at the reis of having Brother caught to beat carpets．they had sent him to the kitchen tox exsre xding, sccmed there was no limt to the heights to which kites would fly today

　　My mothe looked at the sitting room, its furndign disordered for a tborough sweeting．Again she cast a look toward the window “Come on, girls! Let's take sing to the beer and theem a tutue”

　　On the way we met Mrs．Patrick, Ianghing guiltily as if she wrig doing woeig wrong

　　The never was such a day for flying kites! We played all our frsh string into the boys' kites up higher and higher, We could hardly distingwish the orang-coloced sports of the kites Now and then we slowly pullked one kite back, watching it dancing upo and down in the wind and finally bringing it down to earth, just for the joy of sending yt up again

　　Even out fathers dropped their tools and joined us．Out mothers look their turn, laughing like schoolgirls Ithink we were all beside ourselves Parents forgx their daty and their dignity; children for everyday fights and little jealousies．"Perhaps it's like this in the some of heafer,"I thought confusedly．

　　It we growing dark before we all walked sleepily back to the housew．Isuppose we had some chean and orderly enough．The strange thing was, we didn't mention that ady afterward Ifelt a little embarrasse．Surely none of the of the others had been as exceted as I Ikxked the memory up in that deepest part of me where we keep “the things that cannot be and yet they are”

　　The years went on, then one day Iwas hurrying about my kitchen in a city apartment, trying to get some work out of the way while my three-year-old, sisrently cried her desire to go park, see duck

　　“I can't go!”I said．”“I have this angt and when I'm through I'll be too rired to walk that far

　　My mother, who was visiting us, go up from the peas she was shelling It's a wllderful day, she offered, really warm, yet there's a fine breeu．Do you remimber that day we flew kites?

　　I stoppoed in my dash between store and sink．The locked door flew open and with it a rush of memorese Come on, I told my little girl You're right, it's too good d day to miss．

　　Another decade passed, We were in the aftennath(余波)of a great war, All evening we had been asking our returned soldier, the youngest Patrick Boy, about his experiences as a prisone war, He has ked freely, but now for a long time he had been silent, What was he thinking of-what dark and horrible things?

　　"Sany!"A smile shpped out frow his jips．"Do you remem-no, of course you wouldn't make the impression on you as it did on me．”

　　I hardly dared speak,”Remrmber what?

　　“I used to think of that day a lot in POW camo(战俘营)，when things weren's too good, DO you remember the we flew the kites?

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阅读理解

　　In the more and more competitive service industry it is no longer enugh pro? Customer satisfaction．Today, customer：”delight”is what companies are trying to achieve in order to keep and increase market share．

　　It is accepted in the marketing industry, and confirmed by a number of reserches, that customers receiving good service will promote business by telling up to 12 other people; those treated complaints are handled fairly will stay loyal．

　　New challenges for customer care have come when people can obtain goods and services through telephone call centers and the Internet．For example, many companies now have to invest(投资)a lot of money in information technology and sta? traming in order to cope with the “phone rage”-caused by delays in answering call, being cut off in mid-conversation or left waiting for long?

　　“Many people do not like talking to machines,”days Dr, Storey, senior lecturer in Marketing at City University Business School．”Banks, for example, encourage staff at call centers to use customer data to establish instant and good relationship with then, The aim is to make the customer feel they know you and that you can trust them-the sort of comfortable feelings people have during face-to-face chats with their local branch manager．”

　　Recommended ways of creating customer delight include：under-promising and over-delivbering(saying that a repair will be carried out within five hours, but getting it done tithin two? replacing a faulty prodect immediately; throwing in a gift voucher(购物礼券)as an unexpected “thank you”

　　Reg? Customers; and always returning calls, even when they are compants．

　　Aiming for customer delight is all very well, but if services do not? ach the haigh level promised, disappointment or worse will be the result．This can be eased by offering an apolgy and an explanation of why the wervice did not meet usual standards with empathy(for example,”I know how you must feel”), and possible solutions(replace ment, compensation or whatever fairness suggests best meets the case)．

　　Airlines face some of the toughtest challenges over customer care, Fierce competition has conviced them at that delighting passengers is an important marketing tool, while there is great potential for customer anger over delays? by weathe, unclaimed luggage and technical?

　　For British Airways staff, a winning telephone style is considered vital in handling the large volume of calls about bookings and flight times．They are trained to answer quickly,? their name, job title and a “we are here to help”attitude．The company has invested heavily in information technology to make sure that information is available instantly on screen．

　　British Airways also says its customer care policies are applied within the company and staff are? each other as customers requiring the highest standards of service．

　　Customer care is obiously here to stay and it would be a foolish company that used slpgznd? as we do as we please”．On the other hand, the more customers are promised, the greater the risk of disappointment．

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阅读理解

　　Below is a page adapted from an English dictionary．

　　Important words to learn：●Essential●improver ● Advanced

　　pump/pamp/

　　noun[C]DEVICE●1●A a piece of equipment which is used to cause liquid, air or gas to move from one place to an-other：a water/bicycle/fuel pump○a UK petrol/US gas pump SHOE●2[USUALLY PLURAL]US(UK court shoe)a type of plain shoe with a raised HEEL and no way of fastening it to the foot which is worn by women 3[USUALLY PLURAL]a type of flat shoe, like a BALLET dancer's shoe when is worn by women 4[USUALLY PLURAL]UK a flat·shoe made of heavy clothy, which is worn by children for doing sports．

　　ueerb LIQUID/GAS●1[T USUALLY·ADV/PREP]to force liquid or gas to move somewhere：our latest machine can pump a hundred gallors a minute,○The new wine is pumped into stirage tanks．○The heart pumos blood through the arteries/round the body．INFORMATION●2[T]INFORMAL to keep asking someone for information, especially in a way that is not direce：She was pumping me for details of the new projece．

　　Idioms pump sb's hand to SHAKE someone's hand(＝hold their hand and move it up and down, espacially In order to greet them)·pump lron INFORMAL to lift beavy weights for exercise; These days both men and wmen pump irom for fithess．

　　Pharsal verbs pump sth into sth to spend a lot of money trying to make something operate succesfully：They had been pumpinh money into the business for some Years without seeing any results．

　　Pump sth out(M)REMOVE●1 to remove water or other liquid from something using a pump：We took turns pumping out the boat．PRODUCE●2INFORMAL DISAPPROVING to produce words or loud music in a way that is repeated, forceful and continuous：The government keeps pumping out the same old propaganda．○The car radio was pumping out music with a heacy beat．

　　Pump out sth someone's stomach is pumped out, a Poisonous substance is removed from it by being-sucked Through a tube．She had to go to hospital to have her Stomach pumped out．

　　Pump sth up[M]INFORMAL to make someone feel more contident or excited：He was offering them advince and trying to pump them up．○[R]The players were pumping themselves up by singing the national anthem, before the game．

　　Pump sth up[M]1 to fill something with air using a pump：Have you pumped up the balloons yet?○ I must pump the tyres up on my bike．2 INFORMAL to increase something by a large amount：The US was able to pump up exports．○Let's pump up the tolume a bit!

　　Pump-action/pamp ek/n/ad ectiv[BEFORE NOUN]descnbes a device which operates by forcing songthing, especially air, in or out of a closed space or container; a pump-action shotgun○a pump-action toilet pump prlming noun[U]SPECIALIZED the activity of help-ing a business, programme, economy, etc．to develop by giving it money; The government is awarding small, pump prining grants to single mothers who are starting their oum businesses．

　　Pun/pan

　　Noun[C]a humorous use of a word or phrase which has several meanings or which sound like another word：she made a couple of dreadful puns．○This is a well-known joke based on a pun “What's black and white and red(＝read)all over? A nepaper．

　　Verb[I](-nn-)to make a pun

　　Punch/pants/

　　Nou HIT●1●(c)a forceful hit with a fist(＝closed hand)she gave him a punch lik on us in the nose．EFFECT●2 U the power to be interesting and have a strong effect on people, I felt the performance speech presntation lacked punch DRnk●3[C OR U]a cold or hot drink made by mixing fruit juices pieces of frut and often wine or other alcoholic drinks tool●4[C]a piece of equipment which cuts boles in a maena by pushing a piece of met through it a ticket punch have you seen the hole puneh anghere?

　　Verb(T)hit●1●to hit someone or something with your FIST(＝closed hand); He punched him in the stomach．2 MALY US to hit with your fingers the bugins on a telephone or the kdys on a keys on a keyboard USE TOCL●3 to make a hole in something with a spscial place of equipment; I was just punching in some hets of paper．○This belt's too big．I'll have to punch an extra hole in it．

　　Idioms punch sb's lights out informal to hit someone repeatedly very hard punch the clock us to put a card into a special machine to record the times you amive at and leave work：After 17 years of punching the clock, he just disappeared one morning and was mever heard from again．

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阅读理解

　　One evening in Februay 2007．a student named Poaula Ceely brought her car to a stop on a remote road in Wales, She got out to open a metal gate that blocked her path．That's when she heard the whistle sounded by the driver or tranin, Her car almost a kilometre down the railway tracks．

　　Ceely's near miss made the news because she blamed it on her GPS device(导航仪)，She had never driven the route before．It was dark and raining heavily, Ceely was relying on her GPS, but it made no mention of the crossing．I put my complete trust in the device and it led me right into the path of a speeding train, she told the BBC．

　　Who is to blame here? Rick Stevenson, who tells Ceely's story in his book When Machines Fail Us, points the finger at the limitations of technology, We put our faith in digital decices, be says．but our digital hepers are too often not up to the job, They are filled with small problems, And it's not just GPS devices：Stevenson takes us on a tour of digital disasters involving everything from mobile phones．to wireless keyboards．

　　The problem with his argument in the book is that it's not clear why he only focuses on digital technology, while there may be a number of other possible causes．A map makes might have left the crossing off a paper map, Maybe we should blame Ceely for not paying attention, Pertaps the railway and work out that there really is something specifie wrong with the GPS equinment, But stevenson doesn't say．

　　It's a problem that runs through the book．In a sechon an cars, Stevenson gives an of the advanced techniques that criminal use to defeat computer-based locking systems for cars, He offers wo independent sets of figures on car theft; both show a small rise in some parts of the country．He says that once again not all new locks have proved reliable, Perhaps, but maybe it's also due to the shourtage of policemen on the streets, Or changing social circumstances orsome combination of these factors．

　　The game between humans and their smart devices is amusing and compler．If is shaped by economics and psycholog and the culture we live in, Somewhere in the mix of those forces there may be a way for a wiser use of technology．

　　If there is such a way, it should involve more than just an awareness of the shortcomings of our machines．After all, we have lived with them for tousands of years, They have probaly been fooling us for just as long．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

　　When they look at the sky, people usually find the sky looks blue－ not orange, red, green or yellow．Do you know why?

　　It gets its blue colour from the sunlight that shines through the air．Sunlight contains all the colours, which the rainbow is made up of, but these coulours are scattered as they pass through the air．Some coulours are scattered more than others, and the colour that is scattered the most is the colour you see – blue．

　　The sky usually looks light blue．But it would be deep, dark blue if you stood on top of the highest mountain, where there is less air between you and the sun to scatter the sunlight, the sky would be so dark that it would be black．

　　Sometimes the sky doesn't look blue．At sunrise and sunset, the light from the sun sometimes scattered in such a way that you see red, orange, and other colours in the sky．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

　　Young people can have problems with their minds．Some students become worried because they have to study very hard．Others have trouble getting on well with people like their parents and classmates．

　　Liu Wei, a Junior 2 student from Hefei, could not understand his teacher and was doing badly in his lessons．He became so worried about it that he started to cut his finger with a knife．

　　Another student, 14－year－old Yan Fang from Guangzhou, was afraid of exams．She got very worried in every exam．When she looked at the exam paper, she couldn't think of anything to write．

　　A recent report from Jiefang Daily says about 18％ of Shanghai teenagers have mental(精神的)problems．Their troubles include bringing unhappiness and having problems in learning and getting on with people．Many students who have problems won't go for advice or help．Some think they will look stupid(愚蠢)if they go to see a doctor．Others don't want to talk about their secret．

　　Liang Yuezhu, an expert on teenagers from Beijing Anding Hospital has the following advice for teenagers：

　　*Talk to your parents or teachers often

　　*Take part in group activities and play sports

　　*Go to see a doctor if you feel unhappy or unwell

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