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　　Although man has known asbestos(石棉)for many hundreds of years, it was not until 160 years ago that it was mined for the first time on the North American continent．H．W．Johns, owner of a New York City Supply Shop for roofers(盖屋顶的人), was responsible for(对…负责)the opening of that first mine．

　　Mr．Johns was given a piece of asbestos which had been found in Italy．He experimented with the material and then showed its surprising powers to his customers．After putting on a pair of asbestos gloves, which looked much like ordinary work gloves, he took red-hot coals from the fireplace and played with them in his hands．How astonished the customers were to discover that he was not burned at all．You can well imagine that he had increasing business in asbestos roofing materials．However, because it was very expensive to transport(carry)them from Italy to the United States, Mr．Johns sent out a young scientist to seek a source nearer home．This young man found great vein(岩脉), in the province of Quebec in Canada．

　　Ever since 1881 Quebec has led the world in the production of this unusual mineral, which is made up of magnesium, silicon, iron, and oxygen．When it is mined, the asbestos is heavy, just as you would expect a mineral to be．When it is separated, a strange thing happens; the rock breaks down into fine, soft, soapy fibres(纤维)．

　　Scientists do not know why the rock can be separated easily into threads(线), but they have found thousands of users of this fireproof(防火的)material, of the so-called “cloth of stone”．

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　　Nuclear power's danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word：radiation．

　　Nuclear radiation has a certain mystery about it, partly because it cannot be detected by human senses．It can't be seen or heard, or touched or tasted, even though it may be all around us．There are other things like that．For example, radio waves are all around us but we can't detect them, sense them, without a radio receiver．Similarly, we can't sense radioactivity without a radiation detector．But unlike common radio waves, nuclear radiation is not harmless to human beings and other living things．

　　At very high levels, radiation can kill an animal or human being outright(全部地)by killing masses of cells in vital organs．But even the lowest level of radiation can do serious damage．There is no level of radiation that is completely safe．If the radiation does not hit anything important, the damage may not be significant．This is the case when only a few cells are hit, and if they are killed outright, your body will replace the dead cells with healthy ones．But if the few cells are only damaged, and if they reproduce themselves, you may be in trouble．They reproduce themselves in a deformed way．They can grow into cancer．Sometimes this does not show up for many years．

　　This is another reason for some of the mystery about nuclear radiation．Serious damage can be done without the victim being aware at the time that damage has occurred．A person can be irradiated(照射)and feel fine, then die of cancer five, ten, or twenty years later as a result．Or a child can be born weak or liable(易于)to serious illness as a result of radiation absorbed by its grandparents．

　　Radiation can hurt us．We must know the truth．

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　　Remember your first romantic disappointment? Remember the pain and unhappiness of breaking up-the uncertainty? Winne recalls feeling very sad after her first true love deserted her．Her mother came into her room carrying a beautiful nightgown(女睡衣)and handed it to her, gave her a hug and said, “I know you are feeling heartbroken．I thought you could use something to make you feel beautiful right now．” The nightgown didn't make Winne's hurt go away, but she knew that her mother understood and cared about her feelings．

　　As a parent, as much as you want to make it all better for your teen, give them space．Tell him or her that break-ups are hard and you are there for him or her whenever he or she wants to speak to you．Then let it go．

　　Teenage girls often deal with break-ups by talking on the phone with their friends or diving into the Internet for a long chat．They review all the hurts and pains which are being cured．Boys react to broken relationships differently．Boys often become angry since that, unfortunately, is the only emotional choice that society accepts for boys．Some boys hide their pain．Respect your teen, when a relationship breaks up．It takes time to get over it, and the only way to get through that is to get through it．

　　Sometimes teenagers get into trouble while trying to feel accepted again or win back a loved one．Keep reaching out to troubled teenagers．At first, teens will refuse a parent's attempts to help．Don't be afraid to insist．

　　Teen break-ups can cause heart-wrenching pain(心如刀绞), but sooner or later teenagers should be ready to date again．How can you lead your child toward a healthy relationship? Teens are likely to meet others like themselves through activities．The secret to attracting good people is to become your own independent person who feels good about who he or she is and what he or she is about．

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　　The main reason people come to America is said to be that they can chase the American Dream．Everyone has heard of it, and many have died fighting for it．The only thing is that there is no clear definition(定义)of the American Dream．It is not defined by one dream, but by all the opportunities that the United States offers．Since the founding of the United States, people have been striving to define the American Dream．

　　In the play Death of a Salesman, every character is trying to realize his own version of the American Dream．Willy feels that he has done so．He has spent his whole life as a not very successful salesman．As he gets older, he starts having conflicts with everyone in his life, and feels that only by killing himself will the people around him be able to finally be happy．

　　Bernard, on the other hand, feels that the American Dream can only be achieved through career success．He shows that through hard work and dedication he will be crowned with success．

　　The dialogue of the characters reveals(显示)the different attitudes they have toward the American Dream, and the reaction of Willy to the fact that Bernard is very successful while he is not．

　　Many people try to achieve the American Dream, but few actually do so．As with any goal, it takes hard work and dedication to achieve the American Dream．In Death of a Salesman, all aspects of this goal are examined．For the goal to be achieved, the dream must be an attainable(可达到的)one which is worth working toward．It also must be a dream that the professional world accepts and finds useful．

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　　In the West, advertisements are the fuel that makes mass media work．Many TV stations, newspapers, magazines, radio stations are privately owned．The government does not give them money．So where does the money come from? From advertisements．Without advertisements, there would not be these private businesses．

　　Have you ever asked yourself what advertising is? Through the years, people have given different answers to the question．For some time it was felt that advertising was a means of “keeping your name before the public”．And some people thought that advertising was “truth well told”．Now more and more people consider it in this way：“Advertising is the paid, non-personal, and usually persuasive presentation of goods, services and ideas by some certain sponsors through various media．”

　　First, advertising is usually paid for．Various sponsors(广告客户)pay for the advertisements we see, read, and hear over various media．Second, advertising is non-personal．It is not face-to-face communication．Although you may feel that a message in a certain advertisement is aimed directly at you, in fact, it is directed at large groups of people．Third, advertising is usually persuasive．Directly or indirectly it asks people to do something．All advertisements try to make people believe that the product, idea, or service advertised can benefit them．Fourth, the sponsors can be a company, or a single person．Fifth, advertising reaches us through old and modem mass media．Included in the old media are newspapers, magazines, radio, television and films．Modern media includes emails, matchbox covers, and boards on top of buildings．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

　　“A very disruptive(调皮捣蛋的)six-year-old child kicked my legs and clawed at my hand”, said one teacher．“l broke up a fight and was kicked between my legs．”said another．Many people have heard stories like this．But the situation is more worrying still and it involves parents．

　　Every child, regardless of the circumstances into which they are born, has the right to achieve their potential, regardless of their parents’ wealth and class．And we recognize that, as a nation, it is a long way to achieve this goal．But with rights come responsibilities and what worries people is that we are in danger of neglecting the latter．

　　Far too many children are behaving badly at schoo1．even to the point of being violent to staff．This is terrible enough, but it is hard to be surprised since many children are just mirroring the behavior of their parents．

　　My members tell me that parents also come into school often and threaten staff and some staff have been attacked by a pupil's parents．One father encouraged his child to start a fight in the playground before school started．A primary teacher reported that a parent shouted at him．We need to have a serious and sensible debate about the roles and responsibilities of parents and the support that they can reasonably expect of schools and teachers．

　　Children will not learn how to behave as social beings if they are stuck in front of the TV for hours everyday．They need their parents to show an interest in them and to spend time with them, helping them to play with their peers and to learn the rules of social behavior．

　　Children are now arriving at school socially undeveloped, increasingly unable to dress themselves, unable to use the toilet properly, unable to hold a knife and fork and unused to eating at a table, Mary Bousted, general secretary of the Association of Teachers and Lecturers, writes in today's Observe．Instead of taking responsibility themselves, too many parents expect teachers to control their children's behavior and wellbeing．she adds．Bousted says one mother blamed staff when she discovered that her 16-year-old son was smoking．

　　We are in danger of becoming a nation of families living Separate lives under one roof．The bedroom, once a place to sleep, has become the living space for the young．Spending hours in front of computer screens, on social networking sites or being immersed(沉迷于)in computer games, children and young people spend little time with their parents．Parents are unable to monitor just what their children are watching．

　　Schools cannot fight the wrongs of society and teachers cannot become substitute parents．Both parties need to work together．Parents must be helped and given confidence to take back control．They are responsible for setting boundaries for their children's behavior and sticking to those boundaries．They are responsible for setting a good example to their children and for devoting that most precious of resources^-time^-so that children come to school read and willing to learn．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

　　Hiking is an outdoor activity which consists of walking in natural environments, often in mountainous or other scenic terrain(地形)．People often hike on hiking trails．It is such a popular activity that there are numerous hiking organizations worldwide．It is considered one of the recreational activities．

　　Many people say they go hiking because they love to walk outdoor, without necessarily having a destination ahead of them．This makes hiking much more different than walking down the street to the store or to some other places that we need to go．People who like hiking say, "We enjoy ourselves along the way whether we arrive somewhere important or not．”

　　Some people add another reason for hiking to the basic one of loving to be outdoors．These folks see hiking as not only mentally healthy for clearing the mind but also physically healthy as great exercise for the body．Unlike some other more exercise programs, hiking can be an activity for almost anyone in reasonably good health．Hiking on a smooth, level path is even good exercise．Trudging(跋涉)over rougher terrain can be a workout and a time of enjoyment at the same time．

　　Some people who hike on a regular basis give little thought to the exercise part of the activity．These people are more likely to go hiking because they are exploring nature．They may be interested in the trees or the rocks, Perhaps they are interested in looking at the birds or the various animals that lodge in the forest or the park．Certainly park land is ideal for hiking．Many of these sites have marked for hiking．This leads many to take part in hiking specifically for the exercise and enjoyment of being outdoors, when they may not do this otherwise．

　　Some people look at hiking as having two major benefits．When asked why they go hiking in their spare time many people will combine these reasons： It helps me relax; it doesn't take a great investment of money for equipment．For them, a good pair of shoes and some comfortable clothes can help them get away from work or other stressful situations that may arise in life．In many cases, these hikers can enjoy their favorite pastime all year long．They may be able to take those outdoor walks in almost any weather．It's safe to say that hiking can heal and please the human being in many ways．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

DOCUMENTA

RUN FOR A BETTER UFE

　　The sport of running offers many advantages．First, it is a great way to get in shape．It also helps relieve stress, gives you more energy, and makes you proud of what you are accomplishing．Most runners are happy with just these few items：

　　A comfortable pair of running shoes that has good arch and ankle support and allows your feet to breathe properly．

　　A good quality stopwatch such as Penta, ATLAS, or LifeTime．

　　A water bottle．

　　If you are a beginner, try following these steps：

　　1．Walk slowly for 30 minutes．

　　2．Add short running sessions(％ IBJ)into your 30-minute walk．

　　3．Try a 30-minute run when you feel ready, but never become so breathless that you could not carry on a conversation．

　　You will soon discover benefits from running that you will not want to give up．You will feel more relaxed and focused．Your concentration will improve and you will find that, even though you are taking 30-minutes each day from your busy schedule, you will get more done．

　　BIBLIOGRAPHY(参考文献)

　　1．Mendez Libby．Medical Advantages of Exercise．San Diego： Hanley House, 2005．vii-xii．

　　2．Manning Lynne．Athlete's Guide to Quality Equipment．Dallas： Scanlon-Van Horn Publishers, 2006．

　　3．Ingrid Shopmeyer．Ingrid'Shopmeyer's Running for Beginners．New York： King Books, 2008．

　　DOCUMENTB→→→→→

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

　　The vitamins necessary for a healthy body are normally supplied by a good mixed diet, including a variety of fruits and green vegetables．It is only when people try to live on a very restricted diet, say that when trying to lose weight, that it is necessary to make special provisions to supply the missing vitamins．

　　An example of the dangers of a restricted diet may be seen in the disease known as “beri-beri”, which used to make large numbers of Eastern people who lived mainly on rice suffer．In the early years of last century, a Dutch scientist named Eijkman was trying to discover the cause of beri-beri．At first he thought it was transmitted(传播)by a germ(病菌)．He was working in a Japanese hospital, where the patients were fed on polished rice which had had the outer coverings removed from the grain, it was thought this would be easier for weak and sick people to digest．

　　Eijkman thought his germ theory was proved when he noticed the chickens in the hospital yard, which were fed on remains from the patients’plates, were also showing signs of the disease．He then tried to separate the germ, which he thought was causing the disease, but his experiments were interrupted by a hospital official, who ordered that the rice without coverings, even though left over by the patients, was too good for chickens．It should be recooked for the patients, and the chickens should be fed on cheap, rough rice with the outer coverings still on the grain．

　　Eijkman noticed that the chickens began to recover on the new diet．He began to consider the possibility that eating unmilled rice(糙米)somehow prevented or cured beri-beri-even that a lack of some ingredient(成分)in the coverings may be the cause of the disease．Indeed this was the case．The element needed to prevent beri-beri was shortly afterwards separated from rice coverings and is now known as vitamin B．The milled rice, though more expensive, was in fact causing the disease the hospital was trying to cure．Nowadays, this terrible disease is much less common thanks to our knowledge of vitamins．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

　　One fine afternoon I was walking along Fifth Avenue when I remembered that it was necessary to buy a pair of socks．I turned into the first sock shop that caught my eye, and a boy clerk who could not have been more than seventeen years old came forward．“What can I do for you, sir? ” “I wish to buy a pair of socks．” His eyes glowed．There was a note of passion in his voice．“Did you know that you had come into the finest place in the world to buy socks? ” I had not been aware of that, as my entrance had been accidental．“Come with me, ” said the boy．I followed him to the rear of the shop, and he began to take down from the shelves box after box, displaying their contents．

　　“Hold on, lad, I am going to buy only one pair! ” “I know that, ” said he, “but I want you to see how beautiful these are．Aren't they wonderful? ” I became far more interested in him than in the socks．I looked at him in amazement．“My friend, ” said I, “if you can keep this up, if this is not merely the enthusiasm that comes from novelty(新奇性), from having a new job, if you can keep up this zeal and excitement day after day, in ten years you will own every sock in the United States．”

　　My amazement at his pride and joy in salesmanship will be easily understood by all who read this article．In many shops the customer has to wait for someone to wait upon him．And when finally some clerk does deign to notice you, you are made to feel as if you were interrupting him．Either he is absorbed in profound(深刻的)thought in which he hates to be disturbed or he is skylarking with a girl clerk and you feel like apologizing for thrusting yourself into such intimacy．

　　He displays no interest either in you or in the goods he is paid to sell．Yet possibly that very clerk who is now so cold began his career with hope and enthusiasm．The daily grind(苦差事)was too much for him; the novelty wore off; his only pleasures were found outside of working hours．He became a mechanical salesman．After being mechanical, he became incompetent(不称职的); then he saw younger clerks who had more enthusiasm in their work, promoted over him．He became sour．That was the last stage．His usefulness was over．

　　I have observed this sad decline in the lives of so many men in so many occupations that I have come to the conclusion that the surest road to failure is to do things mechanically．

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