阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项中选出最佳选项。

　　In the Caucasus Mountains of Russia, nearly fifty out of every one hundred thousand people live to celebrate their hundredth birthday, and many don't stop at 100! By comparison, in America only three in one hundred thousand people reach 100．But these Russian old people aren't alone．The Pakistanis, who live in the Himalaya Mountains and the Ecuadorans of the Andes Mountains, seem to share the secret of long life, too．These people remain healthy in body and spirit in spite of the passage of time．While many persons in industrial societies become weak and ill in their 60s and 70s, some Caucasians, aged 110 to 140, work in the fields beside their great grandchildren．Even the idea of aging is foreign to them．When asked, “at what age does youth end?” most of these old people had no answer．Several replied, “well perhaps at the age of 80, ” and the very youngest estimate was at the age of 60．

　　What accounts for this ability to survive to such an old age, and to survive so well? First of all, hard physical work is a way of life for all these long-lived people．They begin their long days of physical labor as children and never seem to stop．

　　All these people get healthful rewards from the environment in which they work．They all come from mountainous regions．This reduced-oxygen environment makes the heart and blood vessel system stronger．

　　Another factor that may contribute to the good health of these people is their isolation．To a great extent, they are separated from the pressures and worries of industrial society．Inherited(遗传的)factors also play some role．

　　It is clear that isolation from urban pressures and pollution, clean mountain air, daily hard work, moderate diets, good genes, and a youthful approach to life all contribute to the health and long life of all these people．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项中选出最佳选项。

　　It has been proved that some children are natural-born bosses．They have a strong need to make decisions, manage their environment, and rather than follow．Stephen Jackson, a Year One student, operates under the theory of what's mine is mine and what's yours is mine．His mother says：“The other day I bought two new Star Wars light sword．Later, I saw Stephen with the two new ones while his brother was using the beat-up ones．”

　　“Examine the extended family, and you will probably find a bossy grandparent, aunt, uncle or cousin in every generation．It is an inheritable trait．” says Russell Barkley, a professor at the Medical University of South Carolina．Other children who may not be particularly bossy can gradually gain dominance(支配地位)when they sense their parents are weak, hesitant, or in disagreement with each other．

　　Whether it is inborn nature or developed character at work, too much control in the hands of the young isn't healthy for children or the family．“Fear is at the root of a lot of bossy behavior, ” says family psychologist John Taylor in his book From Defiance to Cooperation, “and children have secret feelings of weakness and a desire to feel safe．It is the parents’ role to provide that protection．”

　　When a “bossy child” doesn't learn limits at home, the stage is set for a lot of troubles outside the family．The overly willful and unbending child may have trouble obeying teachers or coaches, for example, keeping friends．It can be pretty lonely as the top dog if no one likes your bossy ways．

　　“I see more and more parents giving up their power, ” says Barkley, who has studied bossy behavior for more than 30 years．“They bend too far because they don't want to be as strict as their own parents were．But they also feel less confident about their parenting skills．Their kids, in turn, feel more anxious．”

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Directions：Read the following three passages．Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements．For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage

　　If you want to teach your children how to say sorry, you must be good at saying it yourself, especially to your own children．But how you say it can be quite tricky．

　　If you say to your children “I, m sorry I got angry with you, but…, what follows that "but, can render the apology ineffective：“I had a bad day" or "your noise was giving me a headache, , leaves the person who has been injured feeling that he should be apologizing for his bad behavior in expecting an apology．

　　Another method by which people appear to apologize without actually doing so is to say "Pm sorry you, re upset, this suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done．

　　Then there is the general, all-covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again．Saying "Pm useless as a parent, , does not commit a person to any specific improvement．

　　These pseudo-apologies are used by people who believe saying sorry shows weakness．Parents who wish to teach their children to apologize should see it as a sign of strength, and therefore not resort to these pseudo-apologies．

　　But even when presented with examples of genuine contrition, children still need help to become aware of the complexities of saying sorry．A three-year-old might need help in understanding that other children feel pain just as he does, and that hitting a playmate over the head with a heavy toy requires an apology．A six-year-old might need reminding that spoiling other children's expectations can require an apology．A twelve-year-old might need to be shown that raiding the biscuit tin without asking permission is acceptable, but that borrowing a parentis clothes without permission is not．

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Directions：Read the following three passages．Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements．For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage

　　Jogging has become the most popular individual sport in America．Many theories, even some mystical ones, have been advanced to explain the popularity of jogging．The plain truth is that jogging is a cheap, quick and efficient way to maintain(or achieve)physical fitness．

　　The most useful sort of exercise is exercise that develops the heart, lungs, and circulatory(血液循环的)systems．If these systems are fit, the body is ready for almost any sport and for almost any sudden demand made by work or emergencies．One can train more specifically, as by developing strength for weight lifting or the ability to run straight ahead for short distances with great power as in football, but running trains your heart and lungs to deliver oxygen more efficiently to all parts of your body．It is worth doing that：this sort of exercise is the only kind that can reduce heart disease, the number one cause of death in America．

　　Only one sort of equipment is needed-a pair of good shoes．Physicians advise beginning joggers not to try to run in tennis or gym shoes．Many design advances have been made in only the last several years that make a pair of excellent running shoes indispensable if a runner wishes to develop as quickly as possible, with as little chance of injury as possible．A pair of good running shoes will have soft pads for absorbing shock, as well as slightly built-up heels and full heel cups that will give the knee and ankle more stability．A wise investment in good shoes will prevent blisters(水泡)and the foot, ankle and knee injuries and will also enable the wearer to run on paved or soft surfaces．No other special equipment is needed； you can jog in any clothing you desire, even your street clothes．

　　It takes surprisingly little time to develop the ability to run．The American Jogging Association has a twelve-week program designed to move from a fifteen-minute walk(which almost anyone can manage who is in reasonable health)to a thirty-minute run．A measure of common sense, a physical examination, and a planned schedule are all it takes．

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Directions：Read the following three passages．Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements．For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage

　　Many of China's post-1980s generation have now become parents．

　　"RMB 1, 000 for the nursery and RMB 5, 000 for the kindergarten, ” a post on a popular Internet site says．The author explains that it costs RMB 450, 000 to raise a child through to the sixth grade．"A whole family, s monthly income is spent on the child; every minute you have is used earning money for your child? your moods are hugely affected by your child, s; friends, career and fun all belong to your pre-child life; youM sell your house to get your child into a better school．

　　And this, according to sina．com, means a generation of "child slaves" has been created．

　　With thousands of people blogging in China, s cyber space, a new group of bloggers have made a name for themselves by blogging about raising children．These young parents who regularly blog about their children, s daily lives, exchange tips and post hundreds of cute photos of their toddlers are divided about whether they are slaves to their children．

　　Gao Jia, who is about to have a baby, thinks she^s a ‘'slave-to-be, and looks forward to it．"It's my responsibility to raise the next generation．”

　　Blogger Baobao, on the other hand, thinks she is a "child farmer, rather than a child slave．"Pm raising my child like a farmer planting baby trees．

　　Wen Ma, who also writes her own child-raising blog, criticizes the popular Chinese saying "everything we do is for the kids"．She continues, "We take both that saying and kids too seriously； for our children, s sake, we cannot be child slaves．It makes us weak．

　　Huan Zi doesn, t think child slave correctly describes her generation of parents．"We can be apartment slaves, because we need an apartment to live in, but it's our own choice to have children, she says．"There will come the time when the post-1980s generation finds their own place in life, but being slaves should not be it．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

　　If you have a chance to go to Finland, you will probably be surprised to find how “foolish ” the Finnish people are．

　　Take the taxi drivers for example．Taxis in Finland are mostly high-class Benz with a fare of two US dollars a kilometer．You can go anywhere in one, tell the driver to drop you at any place, say that you have some business to attend to, and then walk off without paying your fare(费)．The driver would not show the least sign of anxiety．

　　The dining rooms in all big hotels not only serve their guests, but also serve outside diners．Hotels guests have their meals free, so they naturally go to the free dining room to have their meals．The most they would do to show their good faith is to wave their registration card(登记卡)to the waiter．With such a loose check, you can easily use any old registration card to take a couple of friends free of charge．

　　The Finnish workers are paid by the hour．They are very much on their own as soon as they have agreed with boss on the rate．From then on they just say how many hours they have worked and they will be paid accordingly．

　　With so many loopholes(漏洞)in everyday life, surely Finland must be a heaven to those who love to take “pretty advantages”．But the strange thing is, all the taxi passengers would always come back to pay their fare after they have attended to their business; not a single outsider has ever been found in the free hotel dining rooms．And workers always give an honest account of the exact hours they put in．As the Finns always act on good faith in everything they do, living in such a society has turned everyone into a real “gentleman”

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阅读理解

　　Psychologists take opposing views of how external(外界的)rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity．Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school．Cognitive(认知派的)researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain those rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others．?

　　The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators．But the careful use of small monetary(钱的)rewards sparks in grade-school children suggesting that properly presented inducements(刺激)indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal Personality and Social Psychology．?

　　“If they know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity, ” says Robert Esenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark．“But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards．”?

　　A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Esenberger holds．As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore falling grades．?

　　In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economics, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims．?

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阅读理解

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阅读理解

　　I’ve been writing for most of my life．The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction(区别)and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously．The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind．While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so．

　　Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter．If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting(稍纵即逝的)thought, the thought will die．If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand．You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is．

　　The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing．” In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes．No stopping, no going back, no criticizing．The goal is to get the words flowing．As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen．

　　Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly．Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near．

　　Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad．Halfway through you available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product．Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices．

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阅读理解

　　Can you imagine being savagely attacked by a dog? What if the attack was so severe that your nose, lips and chin were completely destroyed? How would you feel about yourself? Would you be able to look at yourself in the mirror? And how do you think other people would treat you?

　　Isabelle Dinoire is someone who can answer all of these questions honestly and openly．

　　Last November Isabelle was attacked and mauled by her own dog．The attack was so severe that her lower face was damaged; it seemed, almost beyond repair．She was rushed to hospital and became the first person ever to have a face transplant．

　　With such severe injuries doctors offered Isabelle little hope that they would be able to repair the damage to her face using conventional surgery．

　　Shortly after being admitted, she came to the attention of Dr Bernard Devauchelle who, unlike other surgeons, believed there was an alternative："We found ourselves saying, yes, it's clear this woman needs a transplant, " he said．

　　Two days after the operation she saw her face in the mirror for the first time．She said, "I was scared to look at myself, but when I did it was already marvelous and I couldn't believe it．I thought it would be blue and swollen but it was already beautiful．"

　　Now, less than a year after her 15-hour operation, she' s trying to rebuild her life and there is no doubt how she feels about her new face："I have been saved．Lots of people write saying that I need to go on, that it' s wonderful．It' s a miracle somehow．"

　　Although there were ethical questions raised about their decision to carry out the procedure, the doctors who operated on Isabelle are quick to defend their decision．

　　One of them said, "Was it possible for her to live without a face? It's easy to say we shouldn't have done the operation, but her life has changed, she goes shopping, goes on holiday, she lives again．

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