阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

　　You hear a lot about global warming, but how do scientists take the Earth's temperature? ”Great question! ” scientist might praise you．

　　Most of the excess heat trapped by greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide ends up in the oceans．That's because the earth's oceans are kind of like a giant sponge that can hold a lot of heat for a long time．

　　Now the oceans are huge-in fact, they cover most of the planet, and some parts of the oceans are warmer and some are colder．So it's not like you can just stick a thermometer in somewhere and say, “OK, that's the ocean's temperature．”

　　Of course not．Scientists take thousands of temperature readings from different parts of the oceans．They use a combination of heat sensitive satellites and thousands of floats that directly measure the temperature of ocean water at various depths．Together, these instruments allow scientists to calculate an average ocean temperature．

　　It's an ongoing process, and scientists are always trying to get more accurate measurements．But they've found that the oceans have in fact been warming at a rate that corresponds with(与…相一致)how much heat scientists think has been trapped by greenhouse gasses．

　　This may not sound too bad; as long as the oceans are absorbing most of the extra heat, why worry? But higher ocean temperatures cause icebergs and ice shelves to melt, which raises sea level．And warmer oceans could affect weather patterns in ways that scientists don't fully understand．

　　Therefore, warming of the oceans affects us all．

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阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

　　Disabled bikers from all around the world have been competing in Los Angeles, California．They are seeking a chance to compete at the 2012 Paralympic Games in London．The games are to open in August after the end of the London Olympics．

　　Christopher Cruise tells us about the hopeful paracyclists in Los Angeles．“Many of the riders are missing arms or legs．Others are blind, and ride with able-bodied cyclists．American cyclist Jennifer Schuble rides alone．She suffered a traumatic brain injury as a student at the United States Military Academy at West Point．She lost some of the feeling in her feet．Her arm was later damaged in a car accident and she has multiple sclerosis．But, she says cycling has let her return to competitive sports．”

　　Jennifer Schuble won the gold medal in the 500-meter event at the Beijing Paralympic Games in 2008．

　　Craig Griffin is training director for the United States paracycling team．He says most of the riders have moved beyond their disabilities, dealing with daily life just like everyone else．"I mean they cope every day with everything that we do on a day-to-day basis and they do very well at it．So they've learned to adapt to, you know, opening a bag of potato chips, to hopping into a car, dealing with ill-fitting prosthetics(义肢)．"

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　　You're sitting on the train home and the person opposite you yawns(打哈欠)．Suddenly, you're yawning with him, though you're not tired．

　　This phenomenon confused scientists for years until a recent study found that people tend to sympathize with fellow humans．Supporting this claim was the discovery that those children who were unable to form normal emotional ties with others did not experience contagions(有感染力的)yawning, which showed that humans communicate regularly without words．

　　Hogo Critchley, a neuroscientist, has conducted an experiment recently, which will prove that happiness and sadness can spread like the common cold．According to Critchley, our mind and body are in constant exchange about how we're feeling．“Emotions are closely linked with states of internal(内部的)responses, ”he explained．“There are also more visible changes in our gesture and facial expressions．When we're in a group, these signals can spread to another person．For example, there's the obvious tendency to smile when smiled at and there are less obvious changes that reflect emotions of surprise, anger or sadness such as a change in our heart rate and blood pressure．”

　　Hugo Critchley further explained, “Our bodies synchronize and when we like the other person, we even copy his behivour．Next time you chat with a friend, take note of how you're sitting－it's pretty likely that you will be the same．Scientists believe it's our way of telling each other that we're partners．Through body language, humans give each other very subtle(微妙的)but clear signals that show emotions．”

　　So, what lessons can we learn from this? “Spend time with happy people－otherwise your health could suffer, ” said Critchley．“When we're sad, our body goes into fight or flight mode．But when we're happy, our body works normally and we feel relaxed and positive．So we look bright, our skin glows, we feel healthy and it affects everyone around us．”

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1．What will I need to take a Test?

　　You need a photo ID, your instructor's name, a pencil or pen, a calculator, etc．

2．How will I know about time limits?

　　Students will be informed of any testing time limits, and notified when time is up．

3．If I have my books or backpack, does the Test Center have a place to store them while I'm testing?

　　Yes．Students will be asked to leave all books, backpacks, purses and any other personal items in a lockable storage room．

4．The only time I can take a test is during lunch．Can I eat my lunch while I am testing?

　　No food or drink are allowed in the Test Center．

5．I conduct business via a pager(寻呼机)or cell phone．Will I be allowed to use them in the Test Center?

　　No．all pagers and cell phones must be turned off before entering the Test Center．There are other students testing who may be distracted by these devices．

6．If I need to borrow more scratch paper(草稿纸)am I allowed to borrow from another student in the Test Center?

　　Ask the teacher and more material will be given．Talking is not permitted in the Test Center．You will give all scratch paper to the teacher at the end of the test．

7．If I start a test but don't finish it, can I come back the next day to finish it?

　　If you have prior(在先的)arrangements with your instructor you may continue a test the next day．Students are expected to complete their test before closing time of the Test Center．Depending on the test, most tests will not be given within one hour of closing time．

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　　Driving to a friend's house on a recent evening, I was attracted by the sight of the full moon rising just above my friend's rooftops．I stopped to watch it for a few moments, thinking about what a pity it was that most city people, myself included, usually miss sights like this because we spend most of our lives indoors．

　　My friend had also seen it．He grew up living in a forest in Europe, and the moon meant a lot to him then．It had touched much of his life．

　　I know the feeling．Last December I took my seven-year-old daughter to the mountainous jungle of northern India with some friends．We stayed in a forest rest-house with no electricity or running hot water．Our group had campfires(篝火)outside every night, and indoors when it was too cold outside．The moon grew to its fullest during our trip．Between me and the high mountains lay three or four valleys．Not a light shone in them and not a sound could be heard．It was one of the quietest places I have ever known, a bottomless well of silence．And above me was the full moon, which struck me deeply．

　　Today our lives are filled with glass, metal, plastic and fibre-glass．We have televisions, cell phones, pagers, electricity, heaters and ovens and air-conditioners, cars, computers．

　　Struggling through traffic that evening at the end of a tiring day, most of it spent indoors, I thought：before long, I would like to live in a small cottage．There I will grow vegetables and read books and walk in the mountains．I may become an old man there, and wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled and measure out my life in coffee spoons．But I will be able to walk outside on a cold silent night and touch the moon．

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　　An old woman had two large pots(罐), one on each end of a pole(扁担)．She carried the pole with the pots across her neck．

　　One of the pots had a crack(裂缝)in it while the other pot was perfect and always delivered(递送)a full pot of water．At the end of the long walk from the well to the house, the cracked pot arrived only half-full．

　　For two years this happened daily, with the woman bringing home only one and a half pots of water．Of course, the perfect pot was proud．But the poor cracked pot was ashamed of its own imperfection．

　　One day, the cracked pot spoke to the woman by the well：“I am ashamed of myself because this crack in my side causes water to leak out all the way back to your house．”

　　The old woman smiled：“Did you notice that there are flowers on your side of the path, but not on the other pot's side? That's because I have always known about your crack, so I planted flower seeds on your side of the path．And every day while we walk back, you water them．”

　　“For two years I have been able to pick these beautiful flowers to decorate(装饰)the table．Without you being just the way you are, I would not have this beauty．”

　　Each of us has our own cracks．But it's these cracks that make our lives together so interesting and meaningful．

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　　Today just as technology changed the face of industry, farmers have undergone an "agricultural revolution"．On the farm of today, machines provide all the power．

　　One of the most important benefits will be the farm computer．A few forward-looking farmers are already using computers to help them run their farms more efficiently．The computers help them keep more accurate records so they can make better decisions on what crops to plant, how much livestock to buy, when to sell their products, and how much profit they can expect．Many computer companies have been developing special computer programs just for farmers．Programs are being written for hog(猪)producers, grain farmers, potato farmers, and dairy farmers．In the future, farmers will be able to purchase computer programs made to their needs．Because of the growing importance of computers on the farm, students at agricultural colleges are required to take computer classes in addition to their normal agricultural courses．There can be no doubt that farmers will rely on computers even more in the future．While the old-time farm depended on horse power, and modern farms depend on machine power, farms of the future will depend on computer power．

　　Another technological advance which is still in the experimental stage is the robot, a real "mechanized hired hand" that will be able to move and, in some ways, think like a human being．Unlike farmers of the present, farmers of the future will find that many day-to-day tasks will be done for them．Scientists are now developing robots that will be able to shear(修剪)sheep, drive tractors, and harvest fruit．Even complex jobs will be done by robots．For example, in order to milk their cows, farmers must first drive them into the special barn(畜棚), then connect them to the milking machines, watch the machines, and disconnect them when they are finished．In the future, this will all be done by robots．In addition, when the milking is completed, the robots will automatically check to make sure that the milk is pure．The complete mobilization of the farm is far in the future, but engineers expect that some robots will be used before long．

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　　More than one in eight U．S．adults finds it hard to stay away from the Internet for several days at a time and about one in eleven tries to hide his or her online habit, according to a study showed on Tuesday．

　　The study by researchers from the Stanford University School of Medicine in California found one in eight adults admitted they needed to spend less time online, saying this showed "problematic Interact use" is present in a sizable portion(部分)of the population．

　　The study involved a nationwide telephone survey of 2,581 respondents in the spring and summer of 2004 with researchers then examining the data and preparing the report which appears in the October issue of CNS Spectrums．

　　The survey found that 68.9 percent of respondents were regular Internet users and 13.7 percent of the users found it hard to stay offline for several days at a time．

　　It found 12.4 percent often stayed online longer than intended, more than 12 percent said they saw a need to cut back on their Internet use, and 8.7 percent tried to conceal(隐瞒)"non-essential "Internet use from family, friends and employers．

　　A smaller number, 8.2 percent, said they use the Internet to escape problems or a bad mood, while 5.9 percent felt their relationships suffered because of too much Internet use．

　　One report published earlier this year said that 5 percent to 10 percent of the population likely will experience Internet addiction．

　　It said signs include a disregard for health or appearance, lack of sleep and reducing physical activities and social communications with others, as well as dry eyes and juries of hands and fingers．

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　　According to Japanese media, about eight thousand people are dead and more than twelve thousand people are missing．More than 300-thousand people have been forced to leave their homes and more than 200 thousand are staying in public shelters．

　　According to Japan's nuclear safety agency up to 190 people may have been exposed to radiation from the Fukushima nuclear power plant(核电站)．

　　According to Kyodo News Agency, more than 34-hundred buildings have been destroyed and at least 200 fires have broken out in cities across the country．

　　In northeastern Japan, power has been cut off in at least 5.5 million households, a million families are without water, and gas supplies have been cut off in nearly half a million homes．It is expected to be about 2 weeks before normal daily supply can be resumed．

　　China delivered 10 tons of bottled drinking water to Japan's earthquake-hit areas on Thursday in the country's latest round of relief donations sent to assist Japan's rescue and recovery efforts．The water, packaged in 800 boxes, was air-lifted from China's northeastern city of Changchun, Jilin Province, to Niigata in northeastern Japan on Thursday before it was taken by road to devastated Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, said Duan Yingli, a foreign affairs official with Jilin provincial government．

　　Funds and other forms of aid have flowed from the Chinese government and the public after a 9.0-magnitude earthquake hit off Japan's northeast coast and triggered an array of disasters, including a massive tsunami, last Friday．

　　China sent a 15-member international rescue team to Japan, while the Ministry of Commerce said it is providing 30 million yuan worth of emergency humanitarian assistance．

　　The first relief package－2,000 blankets, 900 cotton tents and 200 emergency lights－was delivered early this week．

　　On Wednesday, Beijing boosted aid to Japan by pledging 20,000 tons of fuel－10,000 tons of gasoline and 10,000 tons of diesel．

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　　City buses are white and blue．Please board at the front door and pay the fare as you get on．The fare per ride is ＄1.50 for adults and ＄1.00 for senior citizens．The fare may be paid by cash, bus pass or multiple passes．Please pay the exact amount directly into the slot at the top of the fare box．Remember that bills are not accepted and drivers cannot make change for riders．

　　When you wish to get off the bus, please notify the driver in advance by pressing one of the buttons provided throughout the bus for this purpose．The bus may pass bus stops without stopping if no one is getting off or waiting to get on．

　　There are five subway lines in the city．The fare is set at five rates from ＄2.00 to ＄3.50 according to the number of predetermined “price zones” traveled．To purchase the appropriate ticket, please check the fare on the boards installed above the ticket-selling machines in each subway station．

　　Pass through the automated ticket gates by inserting the ticket into the slot．When getting off the subway at a station beyond the validity of the ticket, pay the additional fare at a fare-adjustment machine．

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