阅读理解

　　Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can Put our water supply in danger ,but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways．You may wonder how paving(铺砌)a road can lead to less useable fresh water．A major Part of the water we use every day is groundwater．Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers．It come from underground．The more roads and parking lots we pave ,the less water can Flow into the ground to become groundwater．

　　Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages(短缺)．Driver climates are of course more likely to have droughts(干旱)than areas with more rainfall ,but in any case, good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs．

　　Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference, too In the United States, a family of four can use 1.5tons of water a day! This shows how much we depend on water to live ,but there's a lot we can do to lower the number．

　　You can take steps to save water in your home．To start with ,use the same glass for your drinking water all day．Wash it only once a day．Run your dishwasher(洗碗机)only when it is full 。Help your parents fix any leaks in your home．You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away．

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阅读理解

　　The Healthy Habits Survey(调查)shows that only about one third of American seniors have correct habits．Here are some findings and expert advice．

　　·Finding：A full 33％ of seniors brush their teeth only once a day．

　　·Step：Remove the 300 types of bacteria in your mouth each morning with a battery-operated toothbrush．Brush gently for 2 minutes, at least twice a day．

　　·Finding：Seniors, on average, bathe fewer than 3 days a week．And nearly 30％wash their hands only 4 times a day-half of the number doctors recommend．

　　·Step：We touch our faces around 3,000 times a day-often inviting germs(病菌)to enter our mouth, nose, and eyes．Use toilet paper to avoid touching the door handle．And, most important, wash your hands often with hot running water and soap for 20 seconds．

　　·Finding：Seniors are not fighting germs as well as they should．

　　·Step：Be aware of germs．Do you know it is not your toilet but your kitchen sponge(海绵)that can carry more germs than anything else? To kill these germs, keep your sponge in the microwave for 10 seconds．

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阅读理解

　　In 1974, after filling out fifty applications, going through four interviews, and winning one offer, I look what I could get － a teaching job at what I considered a distant wild area：western New Jersey．My characteristic optimism was alive only when I reminded myself that I would be doing what I had wanted to do since I was fourteen－teaching English．

　　School started, but I felt more and more as if I were in a foreign country．Waa this rural area really New Jersey? My students a week off when hunting season began．I was told they were also frequently absent in late October to help their fathers make hay on the farms．I was a young woman from New York City, who thought that “Make hay while the sun shines” just meant to have a good time．

　　But, still, I was teaching English．I worked hard, taking lime off only to eat and sleep．And then there was my sixth-grade class－seventeen boys and five girls who were only six yean younger than me．I had a problem long before I knew it．I was struggling in my work as a young idealistic teacher．I wanted to make literature come alive and lo promote a love of the written word．The students wanted to throw spitballs and whisper dirty words in the back of the room．

　　In college I had been taught that a successful educator should ignore bad behavior．So I did, confident that, as the textbook had said, the bad behavior would disappear as I gave ray students positive attention．It sounds reasonable, but the text evidently ignored the fact that humans, particularly teenagers, rarely seem reasonable．By the time ray boss, who was also ray taskmaster known to be the strictest, most demanding, most quick to fire inexperienced teachers, came into the classroom to observe me, the students exhibited very little good behavior to praise．

　　My boss sat in the back of the room．The boys in the class were making animal noises, hitting each other while the girls filed their nails or read magazines．I just pretended it all wasn't happening, and went on lecturing and tried to ask some inspiring questions．My boss, sitting in the back of the room, seemed to be growing bigger and bigger．After twenty minutes he left, silently．Visions of unemployment marched before my eyes．

　　I felt mildly victorious that I got through the rest of class without crying, but at my next free period I had to face him．I wondered if he would let me finish out the day．I walked to his office, took a deep breath, and opened the door．

　　He was sitting in his chair, and he looked at me long and hard．I said nothing．All I could think of was that I was not an English teacher; I had been lying to myself, pretending that everything was fine．

　　When he spoke, he said simply, without accusation, “You had nothing to say to them．”

　　“You had nothing to say to them," he repeated．“No wonder they're bored．Why not get to the meal of the literature and stop talking about symbolism．Talk with them, not at them．And more important, why do you ignore their bad behavior?” We talked．He named ray problems and offered solutions．We role-played．He was the bad student, and I was the forceful, yet, warm, teacher．

　　As the year progressed, we spent many hours discussing literature and ideas about human beings and their motivations．He helped me identify my weaknesses and my strengths．In short, he made a teacher of me by teaching me the reality of Emerson's words：“The secret to education lies in respecting the pupil．”

　　Fifteen years later I still drive that same winding road to the same school．Thanks to the help I received that difficult first year, the school is my home now．

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阅读理解

　　The baby monkey is much more developed at birth than the human baby．Almost from the moment it is born, the baby monkey can move around and hold tightly to its mother．During the first few days of its life the baby will approach and hold onto almost any large, warm, and soft object in its environment, particularly if that object also gives it milk．After a week or m, however, the baby monkey begins to avoid newcomers and focuses its attentions on “mother"－the real mother or the mother-substitute(母亲替代树)．

　　During the first two weeks of its life warmth is perhaps the most important psychological(心理的)thing that a monkey mother has to give to its baby．The Harlows, a couple who are both psychologists, discovered this fact by offering baby monkeys a choice of two types of mother-substitutes－one covered with cloth 4nd one made of bare wire．If the two artificial mothers were both the same temperature, the little monkeys always preferred the cloth mother．However, if the wire model was heated, while the cloth model was cool, for the first two weeks after birth the baby monkeys picked the warm wire mother-substitutes as their fuvorites．Thereafter they switched and spent most of their time on the mw comfortable cloth mother．

　　Why is cloth preferable to bare wire? Something that the Harlows called contact(接級)comfort seems to be the answer, and a most powerful influence it is．Baby monkeys spend much of their time rubbing against their mothers' skins, putting themselves in as close contact with the parent as they can．Whenever the young animal is frightened, disturbed, or annoyed, it typically rushes to its mother and rubs itself against her body．Wire doesn't “rub" as well as does soft cloth．Prolonged(长时间的)“contact comfort" with a cloth mother appears to give the babies confidence and is much more rewarding to them than is cither warmth or milk．

　　According to the Harlows, the basic quality of baby's love for its mother is trust．If the baby is put into an unfamiliar playroom without its mother, the baby ignores the toys no nutter how interesting they might be．It screams in terror and curls up into a furry little ball．If its cloth mother it now introduced into the playroom, the baby rushed to it and holds onto it for dear life．After a few minutes of contact comfort, it obviously begins to feel more secure．it then climbs down from the mother-substitute and begins to explore the toys, but often rushes back for a deep embrace(拥抱)as if to make sure that its mother is still there and that all is well．Bit by bit its fears of the new environment are gone and it spends more and more time playing with the toys and less and less time holding onto its “mother．”

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阅读理解

　　Below is a selection from a popular science book．

　　If blood is red, why are veins(静脉)blue?

　　Actually, veins are not blue at all．They are more of a clear, yellowish colour．Although blood looks red when it's outside the body, when it's sitting in a vein near the surface of the skin, it's more of a dark reddish purple colour．At the right depth, these blood-filled veins reflect less red light than the surrounding skin, making them look blue by comparison．

　　Which works harder, your heart or your brain?

　　That kind of depends on whether you are busy thinking or busy exercising．Your heart works up to three times harder during exercise, and shifts enough blood over a lifetime to fill a supertanker．But, in the long run, your brain probably tips it, because even when you're sitting still your brain is using twice as much energy as your heart, and it takes four to five tunes as much blood to feed it．

　　Why do teeth fall out, and why don't they grow back in grown-ups?

　　Baby(or "milk")teeth do not last long; they fall out to make room for bigger, stronger adult teeth later on．Adult teeth fall out when they become damaged, decayed and infected by bacteria．Once this second set of teeth has grown in, you're done．When they're gone, they're gone．This is because nature figures you're set for life, and what controls regrowth of your teeth switches off．

　　Do old people shrink as they age?

　　Yes and do．Many people do get shorter as they age．But, when they do, it isn't because they're shrinking all over．They simply lose height as their spine(脊柱)becomes shorter and more curved due to disuse and the effects, of gravity(重力)．Many(but not all)men and women do lose height as they get older．Men lose an average of 3-4 cm in height as they age, while women may lose 5 cm or more．If you live to be 200 years old, would you keep shrinking till you were, like 60 cm tall, like a little boy again? No, because old people don't really shrink! It is not that they are

growing backwards－their legs, arms and backbones getting shorter．When they do get shorter, it's because the spine has shortened a little．Or, more often, become more bait and curved．

　　Why does spinning make you dizzy(眩晕的)?

　　Because your brain gets confused between what you're seeing and what you're feeling．The brain senses that you're spinning using special gravity-and-motion-sensing organs in your inner ear, which work together with your eyes to keep your vision and balance stable．But when you suddenly stop spinning the system goes out of control, and your brain thinks you're moving while you're Dot!

　　Where do feelings and emotions come from?

　　Mostly from an ancient part of the brain called the limbic system．All mammals have this brain area－from mice to dogs, cats, and humans．So all mammals feel basic emotions like fear, pain and pleasure．But since human feelings also involve other, newer bits of the brain, we feel more complex emotions than any other animal on the planet．

　　If exercise wears you out, how can it be good for you?

　　Because our bodies adapt to everything we do to them．And as far as your body is concerned, it's "use it, or lost it”! It's not that exercise makes you healthy; it's more that a lack of exercise leaves your body weak and easily affected by disease．

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阅读理解

　　No one knows for sure when advertising first started．It is possible that it grew out of the discovery that some people did certain kinds of work better than others did them．That led to the concept of specialization, which means that people would specialize, or focus, on doing one specific job．

　　Let's take a man we'll call Mr．Fielder, for example．He did everything connected with fanning．He planted seeds, tended the fields?and harvested and sold his crops．At the same lime, he did many other jobs on the farm．However, he didn't make the bricks for his house, cut his trees into boards, make the plows(犁), or any of the other hundreds of things a farm needs．Instead, he got them from people who specialized in doing each of those things．

　　Suppose there was another man we shall call Mr．Plowright．Using what he knew about fanning and working with iron, Mr．Plowright invented a plow that made fanning easier．Mr．Plowright did not really like fanning himself and wanted to specialize in making really good plows．Perhaps, he thought, other farmers will trade what they grow far one of my plows．

　　How did Mr．Plowright let people know what he was doing? Why, he advertised, of course．First he opened a shop and then he put up a sign outside the shop to attract customers．That sign may have been no more than a plow carved into a piece of wood and a simple arrow pointing to the ＄hop door．It was probably all the information people needed to find Mr, Plowright and his really good plows．

　　Many historians believe that the first outdoor signs were used about five thousand yean; ago．Even before most people could read, they understood such signs．Shopkeeper?would carve into stone, clay, or wood symbols for the product they had for sale．

　　A medium, in advertising talk, is the way you communicate your message．You might say that the first medium used in advertising was signs with symbols．The second medium was audio, or sound, although that term is not used exactly in the way we use it today．Originally, just the human voice and maybe some kind of simple instrument, such as a bell, were used to get people's attention．

　　A crier, in the historical sense, is not someone who weeps easily．It is someone, probably a man, with a voice loud enough to be heard over the other noises of a city．In ancient Egypt, shopkeepers might hire such b person to spread the news about their products．Often this earliest form of advertising involved a newly arrived ship loaded with goods．Perhaps the crier described the goods, explained where they came from, and praised their quality．His job was, in other words, not too different from a TV or radio commercial in today's world．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

　　Galaxy saw a man and a woman who communicated with the sign language at the train station when she was on the way home one evening．She noticed that the woman asked the man for the direction．He told her that he did not know．Galaxy decided to help them．She had learned the sign language when she served as a volunteer in the deaf and mute(聋哑)school．Then she showed the woman the direction and left her email address to them in case they needed her help later．

　　She received an email from that man the next day．Kazrim was his name．Galaxy replied his mail sincerely．They both started chatting online soon after and began seeing each other．Although they only communicated with the sign language, it never bothered her．

　　Galaxy was fond of him gradually．Obviously, Kazrim was the same too．He presented Galaxy with a bunch of sunflowers and asked her sincerely, “Are you willing to be my girlfriend? ” Galaxy was pleasantly surprised．She requested him to give her some time to persuade her parents．

　　As she had expected, her parents were very angry after they had learned of their love story．Galaxy explained, “Kazrim is an excellent and a very optimistic person．He has a very positive attitude towards life and work．He cares for others always．He is 100％ better than the normal．Moreover, the mute is still a human．He should possess a perfect and wonderful love．”

　　Her parents asked to see him, then．The very worried Galaxy took Kazrim home a few days later．When they were on the train, Kazrim told her, ‘‘I'm going to tell your parents I'll be looking after you well with all my life! ” Galaxy was deeply moved．

　　As soon as they had entered the house, Galaxy introduced him to her parents．She said, ‘‘This is Kazrim．” Just right after her speech, an unbelievable thing happened．Kazrim threw the gift away and held her in his arms tightly．

　　He said, “YOU CAN TALK? ” It was the same question that Galaxy wanted to ask, too．

　　The four people were shocked all of a sudden．As a matter of fact, Kazrim always believed that Galaxy was a mute and he still fell in love with her deeply．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

　　The Chinese were the real inventor of printing．Centuries ago they carved messages on stone and then sprinkled(撒)sooty(粉末状的)dust over the stone carving．When they put a small piece of paper over the stone and rubbed the paper, the sooty lines were reproduced on it．Some of these first printed papers have been preserved; the oldest ones known to exist are more than one thousand years old．

　　Printing with carved stone blocks was the only kind of printing known for centuries．Then, about eight hundred years ago, a Chinese printer, Bi Sheng, had a clever idea．Instead of carving a whole message on a single big block of wood or stone, he formed separate Chinese words or characters out of bits of clay(粘土)．By fitting the clay pieces together in rows in a box, he could print just as before．But when he finished, he could keep all the separate pieces of clay and use them again．

　　Bi Sheng's movable type was a great step forward, but his method was not generally adopted．Movable type did not come into use in Europe until it was invented there centuries later．The Europeans had been totally ignorant(无知的)of the printing traditions of the Chinese．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

　　During his life Dr James Naismith worked as a doctor, taught P．E and wrote several books．While he never thought it very important, Dr Naismith is today best known for one thing．He was the inventor of basketball．

　　Dr James Naismith was born in Canada in 1861 and his first job was at a special sports school in the USA．One day the school principal told James he was having a problem with the students．Because of heavy snow, the students could not go outside．He told James that they needed a sport the boys could play indoors and gave the teacher two weeks to think of something．

　　It was on the very last day that James came up with his idea．The “birth of basketball” is said to be on December 21, 1891, when two teams from the school played the first game．It was quite different from the basketball games of today．It had 9 players on each team and footballs were used instead of basketballs．Soon after, the game changed to 5 players on each side, using special “basketballs” through nets．

　　Although Dr Naismith did not live to see basketball become the worldwide game it is today, in 1936, just three years before his death, basketball became an Olympic sport at the Games in Berlin．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

　　American beekeeping operations have been hit hard by what scientists call colony collapse disorder(C．C．D．)．Almost half of their worker bees have disappeared during the past season．C．C．D．has also been reported in Israel, Europe and South America．Bees fly away from the hive and never return．Sometimes they are found dead; other times they are never found．Many crops and trees depend on pollination(授粉)by bees to help them grow．

　　A new report says virus may be at least partly responsible for the disorder in honey bee colonies in the United States．This virus is called Israeli acute paralysis virus．It was first identified in Israel in 2004．Ian Lipkin at Columbia University in New York and a team reported the new findings in Science magazine．Doctor Lipkin says the virus may not be the only cause．He says it may work with other causes to produce the collapse disorder．

　　The team found the virus in colonies with the help of a map of honey bee genes that was published last year．They examined thirty colonies affected by the disorder．They found evidence of the virus in twenty–five of them, and in one healthy colony．The next step is further testing of healthy hives．

　　The researchers suggested that the United States may have imported the disorder in bees from Australia．They say the bees may carry the virus but not be affected．

　　The idea is that unlike many American bees, the ability of Australian bees to fight disease has not been hurt by the varroa mite(全球性的蜂虱)．This insect attacks honey bees, which could make the disorder more likely to affect a hive．Australian bee producers reject these suspicions．

　　And some researchers suspect that bee production in the United States is down mainly because of the weather．Honey bees gather nectar(花蜜)from flowers and trees．The sweet liquid gives them food and material to make honey．But cold weather this spring in the Midwest reduced the flow of nectar in many flowers．Many bees may have starved．Dry weather in areas of the country could also be playing a part．

　　Wayne Esaias is a NASA space agency scientist who keeps bees in his free time．He lives in central Maryland, where he has found that flowers are blooming a month earlier than they did in 1970, which may be partly responsible for the disorder．Wayne Esaias is organizing a group of beekeepers to document nectar flow around the country．

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