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Money Matters

Parents should help their children understand money．　　1　　 so you may start tallking about money when your child shows an interest in buying things, candy or toys, for example．

1．The basic function of money

Being explaining the basic function of money by showing how people trade money for goods or services．it’s important to show your child how money is traded for the thing he wants to have．If he wants to have a toy, give him the money and let him hand the money to the cashier．　　2　　 when your child grows a bit older and understands the basic function of money, you can start explaining more complex ways of using money．

2．Money lessons

Approach money lessons with openness and honesty．　　3　　 If you must say no to a child’s request to spend money, explain, ”You have enough toy trucks for now．”Or, if the request is for many different things, say．“You have to make a choice between this toy and that toy．”

3．　　4　　

Begin at the grocery store．Pick put similar brands of a product－a name brand butter and a generic(无商标产品), for example．You can show your child how to make choices between different brands of a product so that you can save money．　　5　　 If he chooses the cheaper brand, allow him to make another purchase with the money saved．Later, you may explains how the more expensive choice leaves less money for other purchases．

A．wise decision．

B．The value of money．

C．Permit the child why he can－or cannot－have certain things．

D．Talk yourself what things that cost money are most important to you．

E．Ask yourself what things that cost money are most important to you．

F．Talk about how the money bought the thing after you leave the toy store．

G．The best time to teach a child anything about money is when he shows an interest．

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　　Laser(激光)is short for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation．Laser light is different from daylight or electric lights．Industry put lasers to work almost immediately after they were invented in nineteen sixty．　　1　　．

　　The first medical operation using a laser took place the year following its invention．Doctors Charles Campbell and Charles Koester used a laser to remove a tumor from a patient's eye at Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital in New York City．　　2　　．

　　Lasers have made measurement an exact science．Astronomers have used lasers to measure the moon's distance from Earth．　　3　　．For example, drawing a perfectly level straight line on a construction site is easy using a laser．

　　　　4　　．And the jewelry industry uses lasers to write on the surface of the world's hardest substance, diamonds．

　　Lasers are found in many products used almost everywhere．Over one hundred years ago, writers imagined that beams of light could be powerful weapons．Today, lasers guide missiles and bombs．American defense companies are working on giant laser guns recognizable to science fiction fans everywhere．　　5　　．

　　Scientific American magazine says huge lasers turn only about twenty to thirty percent of the energy they use into a laser beam．The rest is lost as heat．

　　That has not stopped scientists from working to perfect powerful lasers that, one day, may be able to shoot missiles out of the sky．

A．But weapons were not the first to use it on the list．

B．All lasers have several things in common．

C．Mappers and builders use laser technology every day．

D．But there are technological difficulties．

E．Lasers have also changed the way we communicate．

F．Manufacturers have used lasers for years to cut and join metal parts．

G．Since then, doctors have used lasers to cut and remove tissue safely with little risk of infections．

任务型读写

　　Maybe you are an average student．You probably think you will never be a top student．This is not necessary so, however．Anyone can become a better student if he or she wants to．Here’s how．

　　1)Plan your time carefully．When you plan your week, you should make a list of things that you have to do．After making this list, you should make a schedule of your time．First your time for eating, sleeping, dressing, etc．then decide a good, regular time for studying．Don't forget to set aside enough time for entertainment．A weekly schedule may not solve all your problems, but it will force you to realize what is happening to your time．

　　2)Find a good place to study．Look around the house for a good study area．Keep this space, which may be a desk or simply a corner of your room, free of everything but study materials．No games, radios, or television! When you sit down to study, concentrate on the subject．

　　3)Make good use of your time in class．Take advantage of class time to listen to everything the teachers say．Really listening in class means less work later．Taking notes will help you remember what the teacher says．

　　4)Study regularly．When you get home from school, go over your notes．Review the important points that your teacher mentioned in class．If you know what your teacher is going to discuss the next day, read that material will become more meaningful, and you will remember it longer．

　　5)Develop a good attitude about tests．The purpose of a test is to show what you have learned about a subject．They help you remember your new knowledge．The world won’t end if you don't pass a test, so don't be overly worried．

　　There are other methods that might help you with your studying．You will probably discover many others after you have tried these．

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　　The health dangers of smoking have been well reported．For years, doctors have warned that smoking can cause lung cancer．Studies also have linked smoking to several other kinds of cancer, heart attacks and other diseases, lung diseases, and a number of other medical problems．The repeated health warnings have had an effect．Thousands of people have stopped smoking．But as many people have learned, stopping smoking can be very difficult．

　　A major problem apparently is the nicotine, a poisonous substance found in tobacco．Small amounts of nicotine are released as tobacco is burned．And over many years of smoking, a person's body becomes dependent on the substance．An attempt to stop smoking brings the problems of nicotine withdrawal(脱瘾过程)．

　　American medical researchers have found that nicotine withdrawal causes people to become angry very easily, aggressive, worried and unable to think sharply．Many people who have tried to stop smoking would confirm those findings．

　　To help people give up smoking, some tobacco companies have proposed chewing tobacco, or using snuff as safe substitutes(替代物)．Snuff is a tobacco powder that usually is breathed in．But many people put it between their gum and cheek．

　　A group of British scientists said recently that many lives could be saved by a major program to get cigarette smokers to change to snuff．An American scientist, Allan Blum, disagreed．Dr．Blum argued that snuff, put in the mouth, can cause gum disease, teeth problems and throat problems that lead to cancer．Dr．Blum also warned against chewing tobacco as a substitute for smoking．He said chewing tobacco can lead to cancer of the mouth, throat or digestive system．

　　Medical researchers say another possible substitute for smoking is a special nicotine chewing gum．The gum is already sold in Europe and Canada．A report says research shows that the chewing gum will increase the amount of nicotine in a person's blood．This helps satisfy some people's desire for a cigarette．However, the report says, the chewing gum also leads to some unpleasant side effects．And it may be dangerous for people with heart problems．

　　Two other American scientists say they have found that the most effective way to stop smoking is to do it completely, suddenly, all at once．The report by Saul Shirtman and Dr．Murray Jogbett says that by stopping all at once, the worst problems of nicotine withdrawal are over in just a few days．But, they say, by continuing to smoke, even a little less each day, the problems of withdrawal never end completely．

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　　Although many Chinese students say that their knowledge of English grammar is good, most would admit that their spoken English is poor．Whenever I speak to a Chinese students they always say,“My spoken English is poor．”However, their spoken English does not have to remain“poor．”I would like to suggest that there may be some reasons for their problems with spoken English．

　　First, they fail to find suitable words to express themselves due to a limited vocabulary．Obviously the better answer is to increase their vocabulary．However, you can speak with a limited vocabulary, if your attitude is positive．Others will follow you as long as you use the words that you know．

　　Second, they are afraid of making mistakes．Sometimes they make mistakes when they are speaking because they are shy and nervous．Yet students should remember that their goal should be fluency(流利)not accuracy(精确)．Your aim in writing is to be accurate following the rules for grammar and using the right words and spelling them correctly．However, in speaking your aim is fluency．You want to get your message across, to talk to someone in English, as quickly and well as you can, even though sometimes you may use a wrong word or tense, but it doesn't matter because the person you are speaking to will understand you and make allowances for any mistakes he hears．

　　The third reason is that not enough attention is paid to listening．You have one mouth but two ears!All that hearing is necessary for you to start speaking．

　　Fourth, most Chinese students are reactive rather than proactive(积极主动的)language learners．Instead of actively seeking out opportunities to improve their spoken English they passively wait for speaking opportunities to come to them and wonder why their English always remains poor．If you have this proactive attitude, then, you will see English opportunities wherever you go．

　　If you do not use your English beyond the classroom, you will forget that English you know．Remember：USE IT OR LOSE IT!You can learn how to speak English better by speaking English more．

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　　No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements．Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts(施加)some influence on us．In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified(分类)all our little weaknesses．

　　Advertisers discovered years ago that all of us love to get something for nothing．An advertisement which begins with the magic work FREE can rarely go wrong．These days, advertisers not only offer free samples, but free cars, free houses, and free trips round the world as well．They design hundreds of competitions which will enable us to win huge sums of money．Radio and television have made it possible for advertisers to draw the attention of millions of people in this way．

　　During a radio program, a company of biscuit manufacturers once asked listeners to bake biscuits and send them to their factory．They offered to pay ＄10 a pound for the biggest biscuit baked by a listener．The response to this competition was active．Before long, biscuits of all shapes and sizes began arriving at the factory．One lady brought in a biscuit on a wheelbarrow．It weighed nearly 500 pounds．All the biscuits that were sent were carefully weighed．The largest was 713 pounds．It seemed certain that this would win the prize．But just before the competition closed, a lorry arrived at the factory with a truly large biscuit which weighed 2,400 pounds．It had been baked by a college student who had used over 1,000 pounds of flour, 800 pounds of sugar, 200 pounds of fat, and 400 pounds of various other ingredients．The factory had to pay more money than they had expected, for they bought the biscuit from the student for ＄24,000．

任务型阅读(每空一词)

　　Beggars are often seen sitting under blankets with heads sadly bowed as people pass them by in Cambridge's market center．Some ask people passing by for change and some just sit and wait to be given money．A few use aggressive behavior to earn money．

　　To solve the problem of aggressive begging, an“alternative giving”plan has been suggested．Ten blue money boxes will be placed in busy places such as the market and the railway station．It aims to encourage people not to give money directly to beggars but instead to give generously to local homeless causes．

　　Supporters of this plan think it will be an effective way to solve the beggars' alcohol and drug problems．But the police oppose the plan arguing that beggars who do not receive cash may turn to criminality(犯罪)to feed their addictions．The homeless charity“Crisis”said the success of any plan will depend on its style．They think that imaginative and positive plans can help create local understanding and sympathy instead of hardness．Most of the beggars dislike the plan because they think they will not get enough money from the boxes for their showers, food, and clothes．

　　Begging is a big social problem both in developing and developed countries．Governments must play a big role in solving this problem．Training beggars to work and helping them to find appropriate jobs is one option．This is especially true for developing countries where many low-skill jobs exist．The general community should also be educated to see beggars not as dirty and dangerous, but as people who need understanding and help．

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Studying Abroad

　　Nowadays, studying abroad gains popularity in China．Many rich parents would rather send their children abroad to receive education than let them be educated in China．

　　As every coin has two sides, studying abroad is not an exception(例外)．There are advantages for people to attend school abroad．In the first place, he can use the foreign language in his daily life so that his ability in the second language may be greatly improved, as it is obvious that there is no better chance to improve second-language than living in the country where it is spoken．While studying in a foreign country, he will most likely meet many others from overseas and it is possible to make friends from all over the world．This is not only exciting on the social level, but could lead to important overseas contacts in his career as well．He can get familiar with the latest knowledge in science and make use of the first-rate facilities(设备)available．In this way, there is every chance that he is able to widen his horizon(眼界)and broaden his mind．

　　Of course, attending schools abroad may bring about a series of problems．The most serious problem is language barrier(障碍)．Most of the students who go abroad don't have enough skills in the language spoken there．As a result, on arriving there, they will find it difficult to understand what the teachers say．Besides, for lack of knowledge of the customs of the local people, they may constantly run into trouble in dealing with various situations．

　　Therefore, given an opportunity to attend a school abroad, one must consider both sides of the factors carefully before making up his mind．

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　　Bisphenol A(BPA)is a chemical widely used to make hard, polycarbonate(聚碳酸酯)plastic．Food storage containers, reusable water bottles and baby bottles are among the many different products that may contain BPA．BPA is also commonly used in protective coverings inside metal food and drink cans．

　　People can swallow small amounts of BPA as they eat or drink．An industry Website says more than forty years of safety research shows that products made with Bisphenol A are safe．But others question the safety of BPA．Now, a large study has linked to diabetes and heart disease in adults．

　　Researchers divided almost one thousand five hundred Americans adults into four groups based on BPA levels in their urine(尿液)．All the levels were within the limits considered safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration．Yet the study found that the highest group was more than twice as likely as the lowest group to have heart disease or diabetes, or both．

　　The Food and Drug Administration and chemical industry officials said the study does not show that Bisphenol A caused the diseases．The researcher who led the study, David Melzer, agrees．He says the findings must be reproduced and that further studies are also needed．But he also says that if BPA is a cause of these conditions, then just reducing contact with it might prevent some cases．

　　Earlier this month, the United States government scientists from the National Toxicology Program released a final report on BPA．They found that the chemical is of“some concern”for effects on development of the brain in fetuses(胎儿), infants and children．They made the same finding for behavioral effects．

　　The scientists based their findings mostly on studies of laboratory animals．Even so, the program director said“the possibility that BPA may affect human development can not be dismissed．”

　　In April, Canada became the first country to propose a ban on plastic baby bottle that contain BPA．The government has said it will publish its final decision by October the eighteenth．

　　Some plastic goods are now being marketed as BPA-free．But some people wonder whether any other chemicals that might take its place are any better．

任务型阅读

　　Since the beginning of human evolution, men have migrated(迁移)across continents in search of food, shelter, safety, and comfortable weather．People still move for these reasons, but new reasons for human migration are arising, such as job relocation(重新安置)and overpopulation．

　　Three million migrants are moving from poor countries to wealthier ones each year, and increasingly, their destination is a neighboring country in developing parts of the world．People are moving within the developing world for the same reasons as they migrate to wealthier nations．People from poor countries are going to less poor countries, fleeing wars and conflicts．They are also responding to population pressures because some countries are densely populated, and they often have high population growth．Those people need to go somewhere else．

　　There are three main reasons why people move．The basic categories and percentages are as follows, according to the Current Population Surveys(CPS)．

　　Family-related reasons account for 26.3％, including changes in marital(婚姻的)status, establishing a household and other family reasons; work-related reasons 16.2％, including job transfer, retirement, and other job-related reasons; housing-related reasons 51.6％, including new and better houses, better neighborhood, cheaper housing and other housing reasons; the remaining 5.9％ of other reasons are attending college, the change of climate and health reasons．

　　Americans have been migrating south and west for decades in search of better job opportunities and warmer climates．They have also been moving to places a little far from cities, in search of bigger yards and houses, lower crime rates and better schools．In 1950, nearly a fifth of the population lived in the nation's 20 largest cities．In 2006, it was about one in ten．That's why many American people say,“Big Cities Shrink as People Move South, West．”

　　Between March 2005 and March 2007, 73.4 million Americans moved．Fifty-six percent of these moves were within the same country．Twenty percent were between counties but in the same state．Nineteen percent were moves to a different state．Some families even went abroad．