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浙江省杭州高中
2009届高三第六次月考
英 语 试 题
本试题卷分第I卷和第II卷两部分。满分120分，考试时间120分钟。
第Ⅰ卷 （共80分）
第一部分：英语知识运用（共两节，满分30分）
第一节：单项填空（共20小题；每小题0．5分,满分10分）
1．I have the same opinion as you ________ the privacy of one’s life should be kept secret．
A．that B．which C．whether D．where
2．---John, where are the cookies? Don’t you tell me you ate them all?
--- _________ I couldn’t help it．They were so good．
A．Yes, I did． B．No, I didn’t C．Yes, I have D．Why? Sounds strange
3．Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people ________ harm them．
A．more than B．rather than C．other than D．better than
4．---This passage is difficult for me．Could you please explain it to me?
--- I am afraid I have to say sorry．The book is ______ me．
A．beyond B．over C．after D．off
5．Since he often travels on business, he can ______ himself to sleeping in any place he can find．
A．devote B．accustom C．force D．reduce
6．---I’m afraid Mr．Wood can’t see you until 4 o’clock．
--- Oh, ________, I won’t wait．
A．no doubt B．after all C．in that case D．in this way
7．Among mystery writers, Agatha Christie ______ as a real master．
A．stands for B．stands by C．stands in D．stands out
8．The dance performed by the disabled actors is really a hit, but years ago no one ______ they
were to achieve such a great success．
A．must have imagined B．could have imagined
C．should have imagined D．would have imagined
9．Mother was greatly ________ at the news that her son was found by the police．
A．relieved B．relaxed C．satisfied D．enthusiastic
10．The factory _______ its good credit, so its products _______very well．
A．keeps up; are sold B．keeps in; are sold
C．keeps up; sell D．keeps on; sell
11．The cream was not so good as ___________．
A．advertised B．it advertised C．advertisement D．to advertise
12．________ more and more forests destroyed, some animals are facing the danger of dying out．
A．Within B．by C．As D．With
13．Will you please ______ my luggage while I’m away from here?
A．have an eye for B．make eyes at C．keep an eye on D．turn a blind eye to
14．---I’ll ask our physics teacher to explain
yesterday．
---That’s just _________ most of the students still have doubt．
A．what B．why C．where D．how
15．The rest of the time was _____ with writing a report．
A．devoted B．occupied C．spent D．possessed
16．Because the shop _________, all the T-shirts are sold at half price．
A．has closed up B．closed down C．is closing down D．had closed up
17．It was most _______ of you to lend me the money when I was in trouble．
A．selfish B．generous C．relieved D．outgoing
18．---You know what? Tom wants to be Harry Potter after he graduates from school．
---Are you kidding? He will never _______ a person like him．
A．make B．turn C．change D．get
19．I’d rather read than watch television; the programs seem ______ all the time．
A．to get worse B．to have got worse
C．that it is getting worse D．to be getting worse．
20．---Hey, look at my shoes, look what you’ve done．
---Oh, I’m sorry I’ve got your shoes dirty．But I ______ ．
A．haven’t noticed B．didn’t notice
C．wasn’t noticing D．hadn’t noticed
第二节：完形填空（共20小题；每小题1分,满分20分）
阅读下面短文， 掌握其大意，然后从21―40 各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑。
I’ve always loved pigeons．Some years ago I persuaded my wife to let me buy a few and start racing them myself．They cost us a lot of money and 21 and they spoiled our hobby a lot, but my wife never actually stopped me so I 22 carried on．I learned so much about pigeons that I could 23 a good racer anywhere and I did buy some beauties．My pigeons won some top races, and I even began to make a bit of 24 ．You see people are prepared to pay big prices if they know that your pigeons are 25 big prizes．
My wife had been changing her 26 to the pigeons over the past few years anyway．She was quite 27 of all the prizes we’d won．Then came the traveling, which she liked．You see someone has to take the pigeons a 28 way off and set them free．Some of the 29 were really nice and you could enjoy beautiful sceneries all the way．I never traveled．I used to like to wait at home and 30 them come in．They’d got this wonderful sense of 31 , which could bring them back home so quickly．They’d flown hundreds of miles sometimes 32 storms or against the endless 33 ．Then I’d watch them 34 round and come down onto the landing shelf．I’d looked at my watch and thought, “My goodness, that’d be a good 35 ．” And took off the little leg ring and pushed it through the machine to 36 what time he’d arrived．Then my wife would 37 up and said, “Has he arrived yet?” Then we would work out if we’d won 38 ．
Then last year we had a 39 ! One of my pigeons got some sort of flu and died, and then they all 40 one by one．It was terrible; I had to burn them all．We lost a fortune of course．
21．A．food B．time C．power D．space
22．A．just B．even C．almost D．hardly
23．A．notice B．learn C．imagine D．recognize
24．A．living B．fun C．money D．change
25．A．losing B．winning C．giving D．making
26．A．subject B．decision C．relation D．attitude
27．A．proud B．fond C．careful D．sure
28．A．different B．long C．short D．far
29．A．distance B．activities C．trips D．movements
30．A．see B．invite C．welcome D．wish
31．A．direction B．sight C．hearing D．touch
32．A．over B．along C．under D．through
33．A．lakes B．forests C．parks D．sky
34．A．show B．look C．circle D．whistle
35．A．fly B．time C．day D．look
36．A．write B．record C．count D．memorize
37．A．come B．show C．call D．cheer
38．A．again B．over C．only D．accidentally
39．A．disadvantage B．chance C．problem D．disaster
40．A．slowed down B．went down C．turned down D．let down
第二部分：阅读理解（第一节20小题，第二节5小题；每小题2分，满分50分）
第一节：阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑。
Over the years new technology have changed farming. Change in a general direction is a trend. Yet people often recognize trends only when they consider the past. Today we look back at some trends in American agriculture. We began with the change from animal power to mechanical power.
In 1920, America had more than 25 million horses and mules （骡子）. Most were used for farm work. Around the same time, a competitor began to appear in large numbers. Tractors could turn soil, pull loads and speed harvests and they could do it better.
More tractors meant fewer horses and mules. By the 1960s, the numbers of these work animals settle to where they remain today. That is about one-tenth the levels in 1920. Yet even the demand for tractors had its limits. Tractors reached their highest numbers around 1982. The numbers have been slowly decreasing. Experts say farmers can do more with less now because of new technologies. So tractors replaced horses and mules. As a result, farmers no longer needed to raise crops to feed work animals.
Oats
（燕麦） have long been food for horses and mules. In
1954, American farmers planted over 16 million hectares of oats. By 2000, that
was down to less than one million hectares. So, what did the farmers do with
the extra land? More and more farmers began to plant a new crop around the same
time that the tractor became popular. It was the soybean. The soybean is one of
the oldest plants harvested. Yet it was not planted widely in the
41．The best title for this text might be ______________．
A．Technology Have Changed Farming
B．The Tractors Have Replaced Horses
C．The Tractors Are More Advanced Than Horses D．Soybeans Have Replaced Oats
42．By the 1960s, how many work horses and mules had still remained in America?
A．About 25 000 000. B．About 2 500 000.
C．About 250 000 000. D．About 30 000 000
43．Which of the following statements is false according to the text?
A．Changing from animal power to mechanical power is the start of the change in American
agriculture．
B．Tractors changed the way of farming in America during the early 20th century．
C．Tractors reached their highest numbers over half a century from its beginning
D．Soybean was planted widely in the United States owing to animal-powered agriculture．
44．What isn’t the advantage of using tractors in America?
A．The using of tractors led to the trend of change in agriculture．
B．Farmers can do more farming work with less labor in agriculture．
C．More land was used to plant economic agriculture products．
D．Using tractors increases the growth of the economy in agriculture．
（ B ）
If
you are asked to name some national symbols of
As a mythical（神话里的） creature, the dragon is deeply rooted in Chinese culture. Traditionally, dragons are considered to govern rainfall. They have the power to decide where and when the rain falls. In addition, the dragon is a symbol of imperial （皇帝的） power. The emperors thought they were real dragons and the sons of heaven.
While Chinese believe dragons bring prosperity （繁荣） and good fortune, the creature is regarded differently in Western countries. In the Bible, dragons represent the devil and they trick the world. “Western people usually see dragons as cold-blooded reptiles, like snakes,” said Jonathan Haagen, copy editor for the Teens. “They are cruel killers, breathing fire and capturing women. ” He added that people thought of dragons as being dishonest because of their forked tongues.
Besides, dragons in Western literature are presented as monsters against which the hero must battle. It is a common tale for a mediaeval knight（骑士） to kill a dragon and save a princess and her country from its evil. Even the popular boy wizard Harry Potter has to battle a deadly dragon and get a golden egg from its nest in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.
However, dragons are not all bad in the West. Puff, the Magic Dragon is a well-known song. It tells a bitter-sweet story of the dragon puff and his playmate Jackie Paper, a little boy. When Jackie grows up, he loses interest in the imaginary adventures of childhood and leaves, which upsets puff. “ Puff represents the innocence of a child’s imagination, which is very positive for a dragon,” said Haagen.
45．Which quality makes the dragon either a symbol in China or a monster in the West?
A．Mysterious． B．Cold-blooded C．Powerful D．Dangerous
46．Why is the dragon considered a national symbol in China?
A．Chinese often consider themselves “the descendants of the dragon．”
B．It’s familiar to Chinese people．
C．The deep-rooted concept in Chinese culture．
D．It can represent imperial power．
47．The writer uses the story of Harry Potter to show us that ___________．
A．dragons are cold-blooded and cruel
B．the boy wizard, Harry Potter, is clever and brave boy
C．dragons are presented as monsters in most Western works
D．human beings always conquer monsters like dragons
48．Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the text?
A．Dragons were traditionally considered to be in charge of rainfall in China．
B．Harry Patter is thought to be a hero in Western culture．
C．All the Magic Dragons are not bad in the west．
D．None of the Western people like dragons．
（ C ）
Happy birthday! Do birthdays really make people happy? Of course they do．Birthdays celebrate the day we were born．Besides, that extra candle on the cake suggests another year of growth and maturity（成熟）―or so we hope．We all like to imagine that we are getting wiser and not just older．Most of us enjoy seeing the miracle of growth in others, as well．For instance, seeing our children develop and learn new things makes us feel proud．For Americans, like people in most cultures, growing up is a wonderful process．But growing old? That’s a different story．
Growing old is not exactly pleasant for people in youth-oriented（以年轻人为中心的） American culture．Most Americans like to look young, act young and feel young．As the old saying goes, “You are as young as you feel．” Old people joke about how many years young they are, rather than how many years old．People in some countries value the aged as a source of experience and wisdom．But Americans seem to favor those that are young, or at least “young at heart．”
Many older Americans find the “golden years” to be anything but golden．Economically, “senior citizens” often struggle just to get by．Retirement at age 65 brings a sharp decrease in personal income．Social security （安全） benefits usually cannot make up the difference．Older people may suffer from poor nutrition, medical care and housing．Some even experience age discrimination．In 1987, American sociologist Pat Moore dressed up like an older person and wandered city streets．She was often treated rudely―even cheated and robbed．However, dressed as a young person, she received much more respect．
Unfortunately, the elderly population in America is increasing fast．Why? People are living longer．Fewer babies are being born．And middle-aged “baby boomers” are rapidly entering the group of the elderly．America may soon be a place where wrinkles（皱纹） are “in”．Marketing experts are already noticing this growing group of consumers．
49．People consider growing up a wonderful thing because ________．
A．people can light a candle to celebrate their birthdays
B．people can become more mature and wiser
C．people can enjoy the pleasure of others’ growth
D．growing up is a wonderful process
50．The second paragraph tells us that ____________．
A．Americans hold a negative attitude to growing old
B．American older people often joke about their old age
C．American culture is very young
D．Different countries have different opinions on the old age
51．The underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 suggests that __________．
A．the older Americans care for nothing but gold
B．the older Americans don’t actually live happy lives
C．the
old in
D．American social security benefits are not good
52．What will the writer most probably talk about following the last paragraph of the text?
A．The living conditions of the older Americans．
B．The problems of growing older Americans．
C．The potential consuming market of the older Americans．
D．Some laws to be passed to restrict older Americans．
（ D ）
I had never given a thought to working on a newspaper．But when my husband decided to start one in our small rocky Mountain town, I went along with the idea．I didn’t know how to interview anyone, take interesting photos, or even put a newspaper article together．So, I took my camera and just started carrying it with me everywhere．
One Saturday morning, I went on a children’s hayride （乘坐干草车出游） to get some shots of the local kids．I arrived early, so I could talk to the adults in charge, I needed to get some information to go with any picture I took．
After the kids were seated on the hay, I had plenty of pictures of their smiling faces．I just stopped to chat with a lady who had her horse with her．She planned to ride alongside the wagon and keep an eye on things．
While I chatted with her, her horse turned to fully face me and gave me a big horse smile．He opened his mouth wide, showing all of his teeth．We all laughed and I asked the lady to make him do it again so I could take a picture．She said she hadn’t made him do it the first time and didn’t know how to get him smile again．
I stepped back, positioned my camera, and said to the horse, “smile again for the camera,” and he did! He looked right at the camera and gave me a huge horse grin．I actually got two shots of him and he was willing to keep grinning at the camera．
Later on, we published the pictures of the kids and their hayride in the paper but the picture of the horse got the most attention．I have kept that picture in my photo album to this day．And proudly show it off every chance I get．
After that, I was always ready to go and get the story, I had learned how exciting and rewarding interviews and news photography could be．You may think you know your community pretty well．But wonderful surprises are waiting around you．
53．Why did the writer begin to be a reporter?
A．She loved taking photos． B．She liked the rocky mountain town．
C．She wanted to learn interview．
D．Her husband decided to work on a newspaper
54．According to the text, why is the writer proud?
A．She is a good reporter． B．She has taken pictures of the smiling kids．
C．She has taken pictures of the smiling horses
D．She has reported the smiling horse．
55．What does the writer suggest in the last paragraph?
A．Everyone can be a good reporter．
B．Good photos can be rewarded．
C．She was happy to be a reporter after that．
D．Surprise is just in common life．
56．What is the best title for the text?
A．The Experience of a Reporter
B．A Picture of a Smiling Horse
C．Happy to Be a Reporter
D．A Wonderful Picture
（ E ）
A few degrees can make a big difference when it comes to food storage．Foods can go bad if they get too warm．But for many of the world’s poor, finding a good way to keep food cool is difficult．Refrigerators are costly and they need electricity．
Yet spoiled food not only creates health risks but also economic losses．Farmers lose money when they have to throw away products that they cannot sell quickly．
But in 1995, a teacher in northern Nigeria named Mohammed Bath Abba found a solution．He developed the “Pot-in-Pot Preservation/Cooling System．” It uses two round containers made of clay．A smaller pot is placed inside a larger one．
The space between the two pots is filled with wet sand．The inner pot can be filled with fruit, vegetables or drinks．A piece of wet cloth covers the whole cooling system．
Food stored in the smaller pot is kept from spoiling through a simple evaporation （蒸发） process．Water in the sand between the two pots evaporates through the surface of the larger pot, where drier outside air is moving．
The evaporation process creates a drop in temperature of several degrees．This cools the inner pot and helps keep food safe from harmful bacteria．Some foods can be kept fresh this way for several weeks．
People throughout Nigeria began using the invention．And it became popular with farmers in other African countries．Mohammed Bah Abba personally financed the first five thousand pot-in-pot systems for his own community and five villages nearby．
In 2000, the Rolex Watch Company of Switzerland honored him with the Rolex Award for Enterprise．This award recognizes people trying to develop projects aimed at improving human knowledge and well-being．
A committee considers projects in science and medicine, technology, exploration and discovery, the environment and cultural history．Winners receive financial assistance to help develop and extend their projects．
The award is given every two years．The next one will be given in 2008．
57．According to the text, why will the food in the inner pot not go bad?
A．The temperature is lower than the outside．
B．Both of the pots are made of clay．
C．It is covered with a wet cloth．
D．Drier air is moving outside the pots．
58．What makes foods go bad if they get too warm according to the text?
A．The water in the food． B．The air around the food．
C．The harmful bacteria． D．The writer doesn’t mention it．
59．Rolex Watch Company gave Mohammed Bah Abba an award because _________ ．
A．he saved lots of energy B．he made contribution to common people
C．he was more than a good teacher
D．he
made a great discovery in
60．From the text we can infer this article was probably written in _________．
A．1995 B．1996 C．2000 D．2007
第二节：阅读下列材料，从所给的六个选项（A、B、C、D、E、F）中，选出符合各小题要求的最佳选项。选项中有一项为多余选项。
The people below are all looking for a course on Chinese to study．Read the following information about the six courses．Decide which course would be the most suitable for the people mentioned in questions 1―5 and then mark the correct letter （A―F） on your answer sheet．
61．Mathew majors in media and hopes to understand Chinese broadcasting and TV News and
communicate with the Chinese people．
62．Sarah is a leaner of Chinese with a fairly good knowledge of basic Chinese grammar and a
vocabulary of 2500, hoping to improve her Chinese ability in speaking, reading and writing．
63．Lois majors in Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language and hopes to improve her ability in
translation．
64．Dennis once has taught himself Chinese and can speak a little Chinese but with poor
pronunciation and grammar, hoping to meet the needs of everyday life and study, and
understand each other in basic communication through training．
65．Georgia specializes in the Chinese language and culture at the average．He plans to have a tour
in China．
A．Comprehensive language skill training
100 lessons in total focusing on pronunciation, grammar and discourse（谈话）．To enable the learner to master the basic knowledge of the Chinese language, to have the basic ability of listening, speaking, reading and writing, so that they are able to communicate with others and to meet the need of everyday life, study and society．This will lay a foundation for further study of Chinese．
B．Intermediate （中等） Chinese Comprehensive Course
40 lessons in all, focusing on the training of the comprehensive skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing of intermediate Chinese．To enable the students to recognize, understand and use the active and less active words, to improve their ability of expressing themselves in paragraphs and discourse, to master the new words, patterns, grammatical structures, paragraphs and discourse and means of connections so as to express the meaning of the texts correctly and fluently in paragraphs and discourse．
C．News Listening
Based on frequently used words, typical sentences and information and concentrating on improving the ability of listening comprehension．To improve the ability of collecting information, to grasp the knowledge and skills, they have learned to understand the broadcasting and TV news of similar themes and relevant level of difficulty with the correctness of 80%．To build up the foundation for further study．
D．Elementary English-Chinese Translation
25 classes in total, including various styles such as poems, popular science, political comments and news, about every aspect of everyday life．The texts vary from easy to difficult and combine theory with practice as well as translation and interpretation．About 185 hours are needed．To familiarize the learner with the equivalent（ ）Chinese expressions of English．To enable them to know usage of Chinese and English words and sentences, cultural differences and the background knowledge．
E．Elementary Spoken Chinese in Business
24 units in all．Chinese words and expressions in business and trade are introduced in the form of vivid situational dialogues, notes and exercises．To enable the learner to master the words and expressions of elementary spoken business Chinese and to communicate with others in trade and business．
F．Chinese Human Geography
Introduction to geographic environment and cultural phenomena in various parts of China, such as natural features, historical backgrounds, religious sites, ancient battle fields, dramas and arts, traditional products, and special food, etc．Through the introduction to historical and cultural sites and scenery, the leaner will have a general view about Chinese geography, history, culture and regional features．
第Ⅱ卷 （共40分）
第三部分： 写作（共两节, 满分40分）
第一节：短文改错（共10小题; 每小题1分, 满分10分）
此题要求改正所给的短文中的10处错误。要求你在错误的地方增加、删除或修改某个单词。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号（∧），并在该词下写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用（ㄍ）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写上修改后的词
注意：1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2．只允许修改10处, 多该不计分。
例如： It was very nice to get your invitation to spend ∧ weekend with you．Luckily
the
I was completely free then, so I’ll to say “yes”．I’ll arrive in
am on
Friday evening．
One day, Mr. Li accepted an invitation to a large business conference in Dalian．He was felt very pleased and decided to attend it．In the morning of November 12, he arrived at the conference．What a lot businessmen! He got a bit surprised．The people, who invited to the conference, came from the United States, Italy, France, Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong included some provinces of China．At the conference, they introduced to their products like textiles, computers, telephones, toys, food and so on．There had more than 50 show for different production．During the conference they build new relation with each other and sold products．
第二节：书面表达 （满分30分）
大学生活即将开始, 你将面临新的学习和生活环境,请根据提示写一篇英语短文,谈谈你打算如何安排你的大学生活．内容要点应包括:
* 确定新的学习目标 * 改进学习方法 * 学会独立生活
* 参加各种课外活动 * 处理好与同学的关系
注意：（短文的内容要连贯、完整；可以适当增加你自己的要点）
短文字数：120左右（开头已经给出，不记入单词总数）
I will go to college in the near future．_______________________________
参 考 答 案
1―20 AABAB CDBAC ADCCB CBADC 21―40 BADCB DABCA ADDCB BCADB 41―60 ABDA CCCD BABC DCDB ACBD 61―65 CBDAF
One day, Mr．Li accepted (received) an invitation to a large business conference in Dalian．He was felt very pleased and decided to attend it．In (On) the morning of November 12, he arrived at the conference．What a lot (of) businessmen! He got a bit surprised．The people, who(were) invited to the conference, came from the United States, Italy, France, Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong included (including)some provinces of China．At the conference , they introduced to their products like textiles, computers, telephones, toys, food and so on．There had(were) more than 50 show (shows) for different production．During the conference they build (built) new relation with each other and sold products．
Writing
I’ll go to college in the near future．The first thing I’ll do after I enter college is to set new goals in my study．Then I plan to improve my way of learning so that I can face the challenge of high education．What’s more, as I am away from my parents, it is necessary for me to learn to live on my own, such as doing some washing and cleaning by myself．I will make use of my spare time to take part in different kinds of school activities, for example, I will often go to the English Corner to practise my spoken English．In addition, as a freshman at college, I need to get along well with my classmates and teachers at college．I am quite optimistic about my college life．
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三水中学高二年级2009年3月阶段性测试
文科数学试题
命题人：曾仕欠
参考公式：
, 
用最小二乘法求线性回归方程系数公式： 
参考数据：
0.10
0.05
0.025
0.010
0.005
0.001
2.706
3.841
5.024
6.635
7.879
10.828
第I卷（选择题 共50分）
区域地理环境与人类活动
1．区域的含义。
2．不同区域自然环境、人类活动的差异。
3．不同发展阶段地理环境对人类生产和生活方式的影响。
4．遥感(RS)在资源普查、环境和灾害监测l中的应用。
5．全球定位系统((}PS)在定位导航中的应用。
6．地理信息系统(GIS)在城市管理中的功能。
7．数字地球的含义。
考点一区域的特点分析
区域的特点与区域的性质、区域划分的指标和方法有关。
(1) 层次性，即区域之间是有等级差异的，如图所示
(2)差异性，指同级别区域之间的差异。一般说来，区域等级越高，区域内部越复杂，同一性越小，区域间差异性越大；反之，区域等级越低，区域本身越简单，区域内同一性越大，区域间差异也越小。
(3)整体性，即组成区域的各要素相互联系、相互影响、相互制约的关系。如图所示：
(4)可变性，即区域范围、区域界线具有一定的变化，具体表现如下：
考点二 长江三角洲和松嫩平原地理环境差异及其对区域发展的影响
长江三角洲
松嫩平原
地
理
环
境
差
异
地理位置
30°N附近，地处东部沿海地区中部，长江的入海口
43°N~48°N，地处东北地区中部
气候条件
亚热带季风气候，年降水量1
温带季风气候；降水较少，温暖季节短，生长季节短
土地条件
水稻土为主，耕地多为水田：较分散；人均耕地低于全国平均水平一
黑土为主，耕地多为旱一地，集中连片，人均耕地高于全国平均水平
矿产资源
贫乏
有较丰富的石油
区
域
经
济
发
展
农
业
类型
水田耕作业、水产业
旱地耕作业、畜牧业
农作物
水稻、油菜、棉花
玉米、春小麦、大豆
熟制
一年两熟至三熟
一年一熟
商业贸易
交通便利：对内对外联系方便，商业贸易发达
地处内陆，对内对外联系不便，商业贸易落后
工业
依托农业发展轻工业，从国内外运人矿产资源发展重工业，成为重要的综合性工业基地
利用当地丰富的石油资源和周围地区的煤、铁等资源发展重化工业，成为重化工业基地
考点三对比掌握地理信息技术
地
理
信
息
系
统
概况
概念
简称GIS，是一种以采集、存储、管理、分析和描述地球表面与地理分布有关数据的空间信息系统
组成
硬件设备、GIS软件、地理数据、GIS人员、应用模型
工作
过程
主要包括地理数据的输入、存储， 地理数据的操作和分析，以及地理信息输出等环节。首要工作是建立地理数据库，对于图形数据的输入，常用的方法是扫描纸质地图后进行数字化处理。数据存储采用“分层技术”，即将地图中的不同地理要素，存储在不同的“图层”中．将不同的“图层”要素进行重叠，就形成不同主题的地图。一个GIs系统中，可能包含多十豳层：在具体操作。中，往往涉及部分图层，而不是所有的图层
应用
领域
资源调查、环境评估、灾害预测、国土管理、城市规划、邮电通信、交通运输、公安、水利、公共设施、商业金融等
在城市管理中的应用
城市规划与管理
主要是利用GIS技术进行城市规划的设计、工程遗址等，也可进行城市管理和辅助决策
基础设施
管理
借助GIS完成工程设计、应急抢修、日常维护等工作
土地利用与管理
完成对土地利用状况的监控和管理
生态环境
管理
实现城市生态规划、环境评价、环境与区域可持续发展的决策分析、环保设施的管理等
遥感
技术
概况
概念
简称Rs，是指借助对电磁波敏感的仪器，在不与探测目标接触的情况下，记录目标物对电磁波的辐射、反射、傲射等信息，并通过分析，揭示目标物的特征、性质及其变化综合的探测技术
原理
物体都在不停地发射、反射和吸收电磁波，不同的物体对电磁波发射、反射和吸收的特性不同
特点
现代遥感技术视域广阔；监测范围大，可覆盖整个地球，能够瞬时成像、实时传输、快速处理，迅速获取信息和实施动态监测
技术
系统
由遥感平台、传感器、信息传输装置、数字或图像处理设备以及相关技术等组成
分类
航天
遥感
利用各种航天器作为运载工具，主要优点是覆盖范围大，不受领空限制，可进行定期、重复观测等
航空
遥感
利用飞机携带遥感仪器的遥感。主要优点是机动性强，可以根据研究主题选择适当的传感器、适当的飞行高度和飞行区域
近地
遥感
指距地面高度在几十米内的遥感。主要用于城市遥感、海面污染监测、森林火灾监测等中商分辨率的遥感任务
应用
资源普查
勘探矿产资源，调查生物资源、水资源等
环境灾害监测
监测洪涝灾害、森林火灾、全球气候变化、大气污染等
全
球
定
位
系
统
概况
概念
简称GPs，是具有在海、陆、空进行全方位、全天候、实时三维导航与定位功能的新一代卫星导航与定位系统
组成
空间部分
GPs卫星星座。由21颗工作卫星和3颗在轨备用卫星组成，24颗卫星均匀分布在6个轨道平面内
地面控制
部分
地面监控系统。包括，5个监控站、1个主控站和3个信息注人站
用户设备
部分
GPS信号接收机。接收机能够接收到GPS卫星的信号，实时计算出三维坐标、运动速度以及时间
应用
最初设计主要出于军事目的，目前已在交通、邮电、地矿、公安等部门和行业得到广泛使用，逐步深入人们的1日常生活。科学家用它来监测地壳的微小移动，从而帮助预报地震；与GIS、Rs结合，为资源调查、工程管理、精细农业服务等
数字
地球
是指数字化的地球。即把整个地球信息进行数字化后，由计算机网络来管理的技术系统。其核心就是用数字化的手段来处理整个地球的自然和社会等方面的问题
1．不能正确判断区域位置
区域定位是解决区域地理特征问题的前提，若此问题解决，解题的错误几率也就减少了。现以中国为例来说明：
(1)利用重要的经纬线作参照点，进行空间定位。
我国主体位于75。E～120。E之间(而美国大体位于75°w～120°W之间)
90°E过天山东端及孟加拉湾，100°E过青海湖，1lO°E过海南岛，120°E过北京以东、渤海、上海以西、台湾海峡西侧，20°N过海口，23°
(2)根据突出的区域特征定位。
①突出的生态环境问题：如西南多滑坡、泥石流，黄土高原多水土流失，华北平原盐碱化严重、多中低产田等。
②突出的气候特征：如吐鲁番夏季最热，青藏高原夏季是我国气温的低值区等。
③特有或驰名的动植物：如青稞、牦牛为青藏高原所特有。
④典型的土壤特征：如江南丘陵多红壤，四川盆地多紫色土。
⑤突出的地貌特征：如云贵高原的喀斯特地貌等。
2．混淆区域差异的重要地理分界线
(1)地势三级阶梯界线
人类活动与地理环境
1．地理环境各要素的相互作用，地理环境的整体性。
2．地理环境的地域分异规律。
3．地表形态对聚落及交通线路分布的影响。
4．全球气候变化对人类活动的影响。
5．自然资源对人类生存与发展的意义。
6．人地关系思想的历史演变与人类所面临的主要环境问题。可持续发展的基本‘内涵，协调人地关系的主要途径。
考点一
自然地理环境的整体性
1．自然地理环境具有统二的演化过程
地理环境各要素的发展变化是统一的，每一个地理要素的演化都是自然地理环境演化的一个方面，如我国西北地区，气候、水文、土壤等自然要素共同构成了西北地区独特的荒漠景观。(如右图)
2．地理要素的变化会“牵一发面动全身”
地理环境的整体性还表现在某一地理要素的变化会导致其他要素以及整个地理环境状态的改变。下图为森林破坏后对地理环境的影响。
考点二 自然地理环境的差异性
1.地带性规律
分异规律
形成基础
影响因素
分布规律
主要分布地区典型事例
文字
图式
由赤道到两极的地域分异(纬度地带性)
主导：热量重要：水分
太阳辐射(纬度 位置)
纬线延伸，纬度
更替(东西延伸，南北更替)。低、高纬度地区明显
非溯沿20°E经
线，自然带的变化
从沿海向内陆的地域分异(经度地带、性)
主导；水分重要：热量
海陆分布(海陆 位置)
经线延伸，经度
更替(南北延伸，东西更替)。中纬度地区明显
亚欧大陆中纬度地区从沿海向内陆依次为：森林、草原、荒漠
山地垂直地域分异(垂直地带性)
主导；热量重要：水分
海拔高度
从山麓到山顶更替，高山、高原地区明显(水平延伸，垂直更
替)
喜马拉雅山盼垂直自然带分布
2．非地带性因素及其影响
地表自然地理现象的分布，并不都具备地带性分布规律，许多地理现象受非地带性因素的影响产生非地带性规律，概述如下：
(1)地形起伏。如南美安第斯山南段西侧是多雨的温带森林，而同纬度的山脉东侧因地处西风带背风地带，形成了干燥的巴塔哥尼亚荒漠。南北美洲西部沿海地区，各自然带紧逼西海岸，其空间分布范围受到极大的约束，而且与东部地区的自然带隔断，这是由于科迪勒拉山系分布于美洲大陆西部沿海地区的结果。
(2)海陆分布。如北半球高纬度的苔原带和亚寒带针叶林带呈东西延伸、南北交替的现象十分明显，而南半球因相同纬度绝大部分是海洋，因而没有苔原带和亚寒带针叶林带的分布。
(3)局部水分的变化。如热带荒漠带和温带荒漠带中呈斑点状或条带状分布的绿洲。
(4)局部岩石性质的变化。如在四川盆地的亚热带常绿阔叶林中，由紫红色的砂岩、页岩风化而成的紫色土。
(5)局部水分矿化度的变化。如在沿海平原的温带落叶阔叶林中，由于盐分变高出现的碱蓬草地。
(6)局部环境和洋流。同一自然带，受暖流影响一侧自然带向高纬延伸且面积要广阔一些，寒流一侧则向低纬延伸。如欧洲西部斯堪的纳维亚半岛西侧因受北大西洋暖流影响，温带落叶阔叶林带向高纬延伸到北极圈以北地区；而南美西岸因受秘鲁寒流影响，热带荒漠带向低纬度延伸至赤道附近。
(7)局部地热异常。如在冰岛，苔原是这里的地带性植被，但在热泉附近却分布着草甸。
(8)人为作用。如在沙漠边缘营造防护林、围海造田、培育水稻土等活动都可以产生对地带性规律的影响等。
非地带性分布可由一种或几种非地带性因素影响所致。如湖泊、沼泽这种非地带性分布就是在地势低洼和水湿这两种非地带性因素共同作用下形成的。总之，由于这些非地带性因素的影响，使地带性分布规律变得不很完整或不很鲜明，使自然环境更加复杂。可以说，任一自然带的形成都是地带性因素和非地带性因素共同作用的结果。
考点三地表形态对聚落及交通线路的影响
1．地表形态对聚落及交通线路的影响
(1)宏观上，我国北方地势平坦、相对开阔的平原地区，村落的规模一般较大，多呈团聚型、棋盘式的格局，聚居的人口也比较多；但在南方地形复杂的丘陵地区和山区，村落的规模一般都比较小，空间分布相对分散，聚居的人口也比较少。
(2)微观上，洪积扇、冲积扇、河漫滩、三角洲平原等河流地貌对河流流经地区的聚落分布均具有比较明显的影响。
河流地貌特点
聚落分布形态
聚落分布地区
举例
高原
河谷深切，地势低，两岸泥沙淤积成河漫滩平原
多呈带状
分布在深切河谷的两岸狭窄的河漫滩平原上
雅鲁藏布江谷地、湟水谷地
山区
山前形成洪积扇、冲积扇和河流两岸狭窄的河漫滩平原，地势平坦，水资源丰富
形成明显的条带状
主要分布于洪积扇、冲积扇和河漫滩平原上
山区的山前和河流
两岸
冲积平原(三角洲平原)
地势平坦，面积较大，
土壤肥沃，水资源丰富，河网密布
呈带状，表现为沿海聚落带和沿河聚落带
沿海发展或沿河发展
珠江三角洲、长江中下游平原
2.地表形态对交通线路分布的影响
（1）在平原地区，地形对交通建设的限制较少。在人口稠密的平原地区，交通线路一般呈网状分布。
(2)山区地形起伏较大，交通建设的限制性因素比较多。山区的铁路和公路等交通线路常选在地势相对和缓的山间盆地和河谷地带，而且往往需要迂同前进。如为了减缓道路的坡度；山区公路多呈“之”字形弯曲。
考点四 全球气候变化对近代人类活动、社会发展的影响
1．导致生态系统的调整
不利的一面：表现为改变植被群落的结构、组成及生物量，使森林生态系统的空间格局发生变化，同时也造成生物多样性的减少；由于气候变暖，物种将易于患病和遭受害虫袭击，一些物种将由于难以适应环境的变化而导致生产率降低，某些脆弱性物种灭绝的风险会增加。有利的一面：植物光合作用将会增强，植物的生产率也将会唷一定幅度的提高。
2．导致海平面的上升
原因：气温升高，极冰融化，以及海水膨胀，海平面上升造成的后果：对世界沿海地带造成严重影响，如沿海低地被淹，海水入侵等；还会导致区域差异，例如，三角洲和沿海平原由于地面沉降，测到的海平面上升幅度会大于全球平均值。
3．可能导致干旱、洪涝、暴雨等灾害事件的增加
北半球高纬度和中纬度大部分地区的降水将会增加，而大部分干旱、半干旱区域财因蒸发增强变得更加干燥。此外，热带气旋的强度和频率将会明显增加。
4．对人类健康的威胁会增加
全球气候变暖将会威胁人类，特别是热带、亚热带国家的低收入人口的健康。全球气候变暖，使得热带、亚热带地区炎热天气出现的频率增加，从而加快或扰乱人体的新陈代谢。全球气候变暖，还会改变某些疾病传染媒介(如蚊子)的活动范围，改变病原菌的滋生环境，从而影响人类的健康。
考点五 自然资源对人类生存与发展的意义
1．水资源影响到人类社会的发展
水是人类社会赖以生存和发展的不可替代的自然资源，是人类社会发展的重要物质条件。
(1)水资源的数量会影响到经济活动规模的大小
①农业：水资源丰富的地区，往往会成为重要的农业区。如我国的江南地区，河网密布，水量充足，加上气候温暖湿润、地势平坦，逐渐发展成为重要的水稻产区。
②工业：有些工业在进行布局时，必须考虑到要有充足的水源。因为这些工业在进行工业生产时，必须消耗大量的水资源。如钢铁厂、化工厂等。
③内河航运：河流流程长，水量大，河道宽且相对平坦，往往是内河航运发达的地方。如中国的长江、欧洲的莱茵河、美国的密西西比河等。
④人的居住地：人类的居住地大多布局在地势平垣、水源充足的河谷地带或平原地区。
(2)水资源的质量会影响到一个地区经济活动的经济效益质量不同，开发利用方式不同，开发利用过程中的成本投入、产品质量、市场售价等就不同，相应的经济效益也不同。如矿泉水的生产，水质的好坏直接会影响到生产、销售和效益。
2.各类资源的损失途径
自然资源
基本损失途径
土地资源
砍伐森林，由于不适当的开垦、灌溉和放牧引起的沙漠化和盐碱化，水土流失造成的地力下降，工矿交通和城乡民用建设占地
气候资源
由于植被减少，沙漠化和城市化引起的气候异常频次增加，灾害增多
水资源
因工农业和城乡生活用水，水污染引起的可使用水减少，气侯异常导致降水更加不均
生物资源
由于生物栖息地缩小和过度捕杀、捕捞、采集以及污染引起的生物种群减少，物种灭绝速度加快
海洋资源
过度的海洋捕捞和海洋污染
能源与矿产
开采和使用，尤其是破坏性开采和使用造成浪费
旅游资源
不合理的建设，生态破坏和环境污染
考点六 人类与环境的协调发展
1.主要环境问题的表现
环境问题
原因
典型事例
资源
短缺
水资源、土地资源、矿产资源、
能源短缺
人类对资源的过度索取
华北平原用水紧张，非可再生资源面临枯竭
生
态
破
坏
水土流失、土地荒漠化加剧
自然植被遭破坏
黄土高原的水土流失，中国荒漠化趋势与沙尘暴，古巴比伦王国的消失
生物多样性减少
生物的生存环境遭到破坏或过度捕猎等原因
大熊猫、华南虎、藏羚羊等数量日益减少
环
境
污
染
大气污染、水污染、土壤污染
工业三废和有害人体健康的农药任意排放
泰晤士河上的悲剧
固体废弃物污染
生产和生活中的大量垃圾堆放
街道垃圾的任意堆放
噪声污染
交通、工厂等
噪声――无形的杀手
放射性污染
放射性物质泄漏
原苏联切尔诺贝利核电站泄漏
海洋污染
各类污染物排人海洋
渤海湾大赤潮、日本水俣湾事件、海上石油泄漏
2.列表对比可持续发展的基本原则
原则
含义
具体做法
例证
公平性
原则
资源分配在时间和空间上应体现公平。时间上的公平，即“代际公平”，空间上的公平又称“代内公平”
保护生物多样性，应和子孙后代共享资源和环境，各国都有发展权；优先消除贫困
①保护大熊猫的栖息环境；②我国“八五”期间扶贫攻坚
持续性
原则
人类的经济和社会发展在不超越资源与环境承载力的基础上，保持发展的持续性
保持适度的开发规模，合理开发利用资源，处理好发展经济与保护环境的关系
在各个海域实行伏季休渔制度；牧场轮封轮牧
共同性
原则
_国家和地方的决策和行动应有助于实现全球的整体协调
建立良好的国际，秩序和合作关系，制定各国都可以接受的全球性目标和政策
我国积极参与国际事务，积极推进全球环境保护
阶段性
原则
可持续发展是一个渐进的过程，各国各地区经济社会发展的目标不同，可持续发展所承担的责任和义务不同
发展中国家处在可持续发展的初级阶段，仍以经济发展为主要目标；发达国家处在可持续发展的高级阶段，经济、社会与环境的协调发展成为主要目标，在资源与环境的保护方面应承担更多的责任和义务
世界银行为我国荒漠化提供贷款
1．山地垂直地域分异规律易错点
(1)山地的垂直地域分异规律与水平地域分异规律的不同：前者无温度带，后者有温度带。
(2)山地的垂直地域分异规律：从山麓到山顶的自然带变化类似于由赤道向两极的自然带变化。
(3)可根据不同山坡的自然带分布的海拔高度的不同，判断山坡坡向：
东西走向的山：自然带海拔分布高的为阳坡，自然带海拔分布低的为阴坡。(如喜马拉雅山)
南北走向的山(温带地区)：自然带海拔分布高的为背风坡，自然带海拔分布低的为迎风坡。(如太行山，；迎风坡降水多，但气温稍低，在背风坡相同的海拔高度，其降水量比迎风坡少，但气温偏高。因此背风坡同迎风坡降水量和气温大体相同的地方，其海拔高度要高于迎风坡，故背风坡的自然带分布海拔要比迎风坡的高)
(4)根据雪线的高低判断迎风坡和背风坡：雪线高的为背风坡，雪线低的为迎风坡。(山地迎风坡降水丰富，冰雪量大，融化慢，因此雪线低；山地背风坡降水少，冰雪量小，融化快，因此雪线高)。
(5)根据山麓地带的自然带判断该地所处的温度带。
(6)山地垂直自然带分布的一般规律：从山麓到山顶依次是：阔叶林、针阔混交林、针叶林、灌木、草甸、高寒荒漠、冰川。(不同的山，分布是不一样的，这只是一般的规律，应根据具体的山地具体分析）。
说明：该知识点易错的原因主要是学生不能正确的判断山地的阴阳坡，迎风坡和背风坡。
2．水平地域分异规律易错点
由赤道到两极的地域分异规律中自然带的延伸方向为纬线方向，即东西方向；而更替方向为经度变化的方向，即南北方向；典型地区是在低纬度和高纬度地区。
从沿海到内陆的地域分异规律中自然带的延伸方向为经线方向即南北方向，更替方向为经度变化方向即东西方向，典型地区为中纬度地区。
说明：该知识点佚误较多的原因是学生对方向判断出现混乱。
【例1】下图为45~S附近某地区，其中①④处分别为太平洋
与大西洋，②③处为陆地，80°、60°为经度，回答第(1)～(2)题。
(1)下列有关四地的叙述，正确的是 ( )
A．①处所属的板块名称是南极洲板块
B．②处风力沉积作用明显
C．③处的自然植被类型可能是亚热带常绿阔叶林
D．④处相对于①处表层海域温度低、盐度低
(2)自②处向北，自然带的变化规律反映的是 ( )
A．由赤道向两极的地域分异
B．由沿海向内陆的地域分异
C．山地的垂直地域分异 D．不规律的非地带性分布
思维误区：不能根据题中给出的有效信息来判断该区地理位置，对于六大板块的分布在头脑中记忆模糊，造成第(1)题易错选B。第(2)题易错选C。
点拨：根据45°S、80°w、60°w，①④处分别为太平洋和大西洋，可判断该区域为南美洲南端，①处板块应属于南极洲板块。自②处向北自然带依次为温带落叶阔叶林带、亚热带常绿硬叶林带、热带荒漠带，反映由赤道向两极变化规律。
答案：(1)A(2)A
【例2】铁路建设受地理环境的影响。下列铁路对应的线路特征描述最合适的是 ( )
A．京哈铁路――以桥代路 B．兰新铁路――起伏剧烈
C．京沪铁路――迂回曲折 D．成昆铁路――桥隧相连
思维误区：影响交通线路分布的因素有自然、社会、经济和技术等，一般而言，交通线
最好经过地形平坦、自然条件优越的地区，这样不仅可以减少施工费用，而且有利于交通线的维护；另外，还要考虑沿线地区的经济发展状况，经济发达、人口稠密的地区，应布局稠密的交通线。做题时不能正确分析不同地区影响交通线布局的区位因素及不同线路穿过的地形区特征易造成错选A或B。
解析：京哈铁路主要经过东北平原，地形平坦，铁路建设不需要以桥代路；兰新铁路主要经过河西走廊，地势起伏不剧烈；京沪铁路经过平原地区，地质结构稳定，没有必要迂回
曲折；成昆铁路经过横断山脉东部和云贵高原，地形起伏较大，因此该线桥隧相连。
答案：D
如图是我国四个山地的垂直区域分异示意图，读图回答1～2题。
1．根据四个山地植被分布情况，判断它们的纬度由低到高依次是 ( )
A．①②③④ B．②①④③ C．①②④③ D．②①③④
2．四个山地中，①山地垂直植被类型最多的主要原因是( )
A．相对高度大 B.热量丰富 C．纬度位置低 D.降水量大
3.关于火灾多发区的叙述，正确的是 ( )
A.位于亚欧板块和太平洋板块交界处，多火山地震
B.气候终年炎热干燥，
C.经济落后，人口稀少
D.此时农民正为播种小麦做准备
4．沿经线方向从火灾多发地到洪水区 ( )
A-自然带更替主要表现为于湿度地带分异
B。年降水量逐渐增多
C，当日的正午太阳高度逐渐变大、
D．当日的昼长逐渐变长
分析下表中内容，回答5～7题
社会阶段
采猎文明
农业文明
工业文明
生产力水平
低
中
高
自然资源的依赖性
强
中
弱
自然资源的开发利用范围和规模
小
中
大
对自然资源的利用方式
简单
中等
多样化
对自然资源的利用效率
低
中
高
5．分析表格中自然资源利用范围和规模、利用方式、利用效率变化的根本原因是 ( )
A．人口数量的增多 B．生产力水平的不断提高
C．资源的不断变化 D．社会的不断更替
6．关于农业文明阶段，下列说法正确_的是 ( )
A．农业文明阶段以制造和使用金属工具为标志
B．土地数量成为影响人类生存和发展的重要因素
C．在土地贫瘠或难以开垦的地区，人地矛盾突出
D．人类通过．欧伐森林、开垦草原，使土地质量不断提高
7．关于工业文明阶段下列不属于土地资源呈现的特点的是 ( )
A．利用方式的多样化 B．土地的质量和数量不断提高
C．非农业用地的质量是以土地的区位和用途来衡量的
D．土地退化和土壤污染带来的食物安全问题将会威胁人类的生存和发展
为减少环境污染、保护生态环境，必须走可持续发展的道路。循环经济即是其中的一条重要措施。读某地循环经济示意图’回答8～9题
8.下列对图中循环经济的理解，错误的是（ ）
A.发展循环经济是转变经济增长方式的唯一途径
B．发展循环经济可以实现废弃物再利用，使资源得以充分利用
C．循环经济发展模式既能促进经济发展，又能降低环境污染
D．在农业中推行循环经济有利于调整农村产业结构，并增加就业机会
9．我国下列省区中，最适宜推广图中循环经济模式的是( )
A．青海省 B．四川省 C．广东省 D．河南省
10．越来越多的事实表明，全球气候正在发生着深刻的变化。
阅读材料，回答下列问题。
(1)材料一反映出我国近30年来，气温变化呈现出什么规律?
(2)材料二反映了我国气温变化在地域上有什么差异?就全球而言，增温最明显的可能是什么温度带?
(3)全球的这种变化趋势，会造成什么后果?
(4)造成全球气候变化的主要原因是什么?
(5)有哪些措施可减少C02等温室气体的排放?
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