In 1826, a Frenchman named Niepce needed pictures for his business．But he was not a good artist．So he invented a very simple camera．He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his yard．That was the first photograph．

　　The next important date in the history of photography was 1837．That year, Daguerre, another Frenchman, took a picture of his workroom．He used a new kind of camera and a different process(程序)．In his pictures, you could see everything very clearly, even the smallest details．This kind of photograph was called daguerreotype(银版照相)．

　　Soon, other people began to use Daguerre’s process．Travelers brought back daguerreotypes from all around the world．People photographed famous buildings, cities and mountains．

　　In about 1840, the process was improved．Then photographers could take pictures of people and moving things．The process was not simple．The photographers had to carry lots of film and processing equipment．But this did not stop the photographers, especially in the United States．After 1840, daguerreotype artists were popular in most cities．

　　Matthew Brady was one well-known American photographer．He took many photos of famous people．The photos were unusual because they were very life-like and full of personality．

　　Brady was also the first person to take pictures of a war．His 1862 Civil War pictures showed dead soldiers and destroyed cities．They made the war seem more real and more terrible．

　　In 1861, Scottish physicist James Maxwell showed a color photography system involving three black and white photographs, each taken through a red, green, or blue filter(滤光镜)．This is the “color separation”method．

　　In the 1880s, new inventions began to change photography．Photographers could buy film ready-made in rolls．So they did not have to make the film themselves．Also, they did not have to process the film immediately．They could bring it back to their workrooms and develop it later, meaning they did not have to carry lots of equipment．And finally, the invention of the small hand-held camera made photography less expensive．

　　With the small camera, anyone could be a photographer．People began to use cameras just for fun．They took pictures of their families, friends and favorite places．They called these pictures“snapshots．”

　　Photographs because very popular in newspapers in the 1890s．Soon magazines and books also used documentary photographs．These pictures showed true events and people．They were much more real than drawing．

　　Photography also turned into a form of art by the end of the 19th century．Some photographs were not just copies of the real world．They showed ideas and feelings, like other art forms．

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

完形填空

　　I had walked along the sea for about an hour until I began to feel hungry．It was seven．At that time I was not far from a favourite restaurant of mine, where I often went to eat two or three times a week．I knew the owner well．

　　I went into the restaurant, which was already crowded, and ordered my meal．While I was waiting, I looked 　　1　　 to see if I knew anyone in the restaurant．Then I saw a man sitting at a corner table near the door keeping looking in my direction, as if he knew me．I certainly didn’t know him, for I never forgot a 　　2　　．The man had a newspaper 　　3　　 in front of him．But I could see that he was keeping an 　　4　　 on me．When the waiter brought my soup, the man was 　　5　　puzzled(迷惑)by the familiar(熟悉)way that the waiter and I called each other．He became even puzzled as 　　6　　 went on．He could see that I was well 　　7　　 in the restaurant．At last, he got up and went into the kitchen．After a few minutes he came out again, 　　8　　 for his meal and left．

　　When I had finished, I called the owner of the restaurant and asked him 　　9　　 the man had wanted．The owner told me he was a detective．“Really?” I was 　　10　　 ．“He was certainly 　　11　　 in me．But why?” I asked．“He followed you because he thought you were a man he was looking 　　12　　, ” the owner said．“When he came into the kitchen, he showed me a 　　13　　 of the man．He certainly looked like you! Of course, since we 　　14　　 you, I told him that he had made a mistake．”It was 　　15　　 I came to a restaurant where I was known, or I might have been arrested!

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

完形填空

　　I walked along the sea for about an hour until I began to reel hungry．It was seven．By that time, I was not far from a favourite restaurant of mine．I often went there to eat two or three times a week．I knew the owner well．

　　I went into the restaurant．It was already crowded, and I ordered my meal．While I was waiting, I looked 　　1　　 to see if I knew anyone in the restaurant．Then I saw a man sitting at a corner table near the door keeping looking in my direction as if he knew me．I certainly didn't know him, for I never forgot a 　　2　　．The man had a newspaper 　　3　　 in front of him．But I could see that he was keeping an 　　4　　 on me．When the waiter brought my soup, the man was 　　5　　 puzzled by the familiar way that the waiter and I called each other．He became even more puzzled as 　　6　　 went on．He could see that I was well 　　7　　 in the restaurant．At last he got up and went into the kitchen．After a few minutes he came out again, 　　8　　 for his meal and left．

　　When I had finished, I called the owner of the restaurant over and asked him 　　9　　 the man had wanted．The owner told me he was a detective．“Really?”I was 　　10　　“He was certainly 　　11　　 in me, but why?”I asked．“He followed you here because he thought you were a man he was looking 　　12　　,”the owner said．“When he came into the kitchen, he showed me a 　　13　　 of the man he wanted．He certainly looked like you! Of course, since we 　　14　　 you here, I told him that he had made a mistake．”It was 　　15　　 I came to a restaurant where I was known, or I might have been arrested!

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

完形填空

　　I had walked along the sea for about an hour until I began to feel hungry．It was seven．At that time I was not far from a favourite restaurant of mine，where I often went to eat two or three times a week．I knew the owner well．

　　I went into the restaurant，which was already crowded，and ordered my meal．While I was waiting，I looked 1 　 to see if I knew anyone in the restaurant．Then I saw a man sitting at a corner table near the door keeping looking in my direction，as if he knew me．I certainly didn't know him,for I never forgot a 2 　 The man had a newspaper 3 　 in front of him．But I could see that he was keeping an 4 　 on me.when the waiter brought my soup，the man was 5 　 puzzled by the familiar way that the Waiter and I called each other．He became even puzzled as 6 　 went on．He could see that I was well 7 　 in the restaurant．At last，he got up and went into the kitchen．After a few minutes he came out again，8 　 for his meal and left．

　　When I had finished，I calied the owner of the restaurant and asked him 9 　 the man had wanted．The owner told me he was a detective．“Really?”I was 10 ndline．“He was certainly 11 　 in me．But why?”I asked．“He foilowed you because he thought you were a man he was looking 12 ndline，”the owner said.“When he came into the kitchen，he showed me a 13 　 of the man．He certainly looked like you!Of course，since we 14 　 you，I told him that he had made a mistake．”It was 15 　 I came to a restaurant where I was：known，or I might have been arrested!

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)