The “Bystander Apathy Effect” was first studied by researchers in New York after neighbours ignored―and in some cases turned up the volume on their TVs―the cries of a woman as she was murdered(over a half-hour period). With regard to helping those in difficulty generally, they found that:

(1) women are helped more than men;

(2) men help more than women;

(3) attractive women are helped more than unattractive women.

    Other factors relate to the number of people in the area, whether the person is thought to be in trouble through their own fault, and whether a person sees himself as being able to help.

    According to Adrian Furnham, Professor 0f University College, London, there are three reasons why we tend to stand by doing nothing:

(1) “Shifting of responsibility”一the more people there are, the less likely help is to be given. Each person excuses himself by thinking someone else will help, so that the more “other people’ there are, the greater the total shifting of responsibility.

(2) “'Fear of making a mistake'’一situations are often not clear. People think that those involved in an accident may know each other or it may be a joke, so a fear of embarrassment makes them keep themselves to themselves.

(3) “Fear of the consequences if attention is turned on you, and the person is violent.”

    Laurie Taylor, Professor of Sociology at London University, says: “In the experiments I’ve seen on intervention(介入), much depends on the neighborhood or setting. There is a silence on public transport which is hard to break. We are embarrassed to draw attention to something that is happening, while in a football match, people get involved, and a fight would easily follow. ”

    Psychotherapist Alan Dupuy identifies the importance of the individual: “The British as a whole have some difficulty intervening, but there are exceptional individuals in every group who are prepared to intervene, regardless of their own safety: These would be people with a strong moral code or religious ideals.”

48. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

A. Pretty women are more likely to be helped.   

B. People on a bus are more likely to stop a crime.

C. Religious people are more likely to look on.

D. Criminals are more likely to harml women.

49. Which phenomenon call be described as the “Bystander Apathy Effect”?

A. When one is in trouble, people think it’s his own fault.

B. In a football match, people get involved in a fight.

C. Seeing a murder, people feel sorry that it should have happened.

D. On hearing a cry for help, people keep themselves to themselves.

50. The author wrote this article ______.

A. to explain why bystanders behave as they do          

B. to urge people to stand out when in need

C. to criticize the selfishness of bystanders                 

D. to analyze the weakness of human nature

The “Bystander Apathy Effect” was first studied by researchers in New York after neighbours ignored --- and in some cases turned up the volume on their TVs --- the cries of a woman as she was murdered （over a half-hour period）．With regard to helping those in difficulty generally, they found that:

       women are helped more than men;

       men help more than women;

       attractive women are helped more than unattractive women．

       Other factors relate to the number of people in the area, whether the person is thought to be in trouble through their own fault, and whether a person sees himself as being able to help．

       According to Adrian Furnham, Professor of University College, London, there are three reasons why we tend to stand by doing nothing:

       “Shifting of responsibility” --- the more people there are, the less likely help is to be given．Each person excuses himself by thinking someone else will help, so that the more “other people” there are, the greater the total shifting of responsibility．

       “Fear of making a mistake” --- situations are often not clear．People think that those involved in an incident may know each other or it may be a joke, so a fear of embarrassment makes them keep themselves to themselves．

       “Fear of the consequences if attention is turned on you, and the person is violent．”

       Laurie Taylor, Professor of Sociology at London University, says: “In the experiments I’ve seen on intervention（介入）, much depends on the neighborhood or setting．There is a silence on public transport which is hard to break．We are embarrassed to draw attention to something that is happening, while in a football match, people get involved , and a fight would easily follow．”

       Psychotherapist Alan Dupuy identifies the importance of the individual: “the British as a whole have some difficulty intervention, but there are exceptional individuals in every group who are prepared to intervene, regardless of their own safety．These would be people with a strong moral code or religious ideals．”

1．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

       A．Pretty women are more likely to be helped．

       B．People on a bus are more likely to stop a crime．

       C．Religious people are more likely to look on．

       D．Criminals are more likely to harm women．

2．Which factor is NOT related with intervention according to the passage?

       A．Sex．                 B．Nationality．        C．Profession．       D．Setting．

3．Which phenomenon can be described as the “Bystander Apathy Effect”?

       A．A man is more likely to help than a woman．

       B．In a football match, people get involved in a fight．

       C．Seeing a murder, people feel sorry that it should have happened．

       D．On hearing a cry for help, people keep themselves to themselves．

4．The author wrote this article _______．

       A．to explain why bystanders behave as they do

       B．to urge people to stand out when in need

       C．to criticize the selfishness of bystanders

       D．to analyze the weakness of human nature

The “Bystander Apathy Effect” was first studied by researchers in New York after neighbours ignored --- and in some cases turned up the volume on their TVs --- the cries of a woman as she was murdered (over a half-hour period). With regard to helping those in difficulty generally, they found that:

(1)　 women are helped more than men;

(2)　 men help more than women;

(3)　 attractive women are helped more than unattractive women.

Other factors relate to the number of people in the area, whether the person is thought to be in trouble through their own fault, and whether a person sees himself as being able to help.

According to Adrian Furnham, Professor of University College, London, there are three reasons why we tend to stand by doing nothing:

(1)　 “Shifting of responsibility” --- the more people there are, the less likely help is to be given. Each person excuses himself by thinking someone else will help, so that the more “other people” there are, the greater the total shifting of responsibility.

(2)　 “Fear of making a mistake” --- situations are often not clear. People think that those involved in an incident may know each other or it may be a joke, so a fear of embarrassment makes them keep themselves to themselves.

(3)　 “Fear of the consequences if attention is turned on you, and the person is violent.”

Laurie Taylor, Professor of Sociology at London University, says: “In the experiments I’ve seen on intervention（介入）, much depends on the neighborhood or setting. There is a silence on public transport which is hard to break. We are embarrassed to draw attention to something that is happening, while in a football match, people get involved , and a fight would easily follow.”

Psychotherapist Alan Dupuy identifies the importance of the individual: “the British as a whole have some difficulty intervention, but there are exceptional individuals in every group who are prepared to intervene, regardless of their own safety. These would be people with a strong moral code or religious ideals.”

60. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

　　　 A. Criminals are more likely to harm women.　　

B. People on a bus are more likely to stop a crime.

　　　 C. Religious people are more likely to look on.

　　　 D. Pretty women are more likely to be helped.

61. Which factor is NOT related with intervention according to the passage?

　　　 A. Sex.　　　　　 B. Profession.　　　　　　　 C. Nationality.　　　 D. Setting.

62. Which phenomenon can be described as the “Bystander Apathy Effect”?

　　　 A. A man is more likely to help than a woman.

　　　 B. In a football match, people get involved in a fight.

　　　 C. Seeing a murder, people feel sorry that it should have happened.

　　　 D. On hearing a cry for help, people keep themselves to themselves.

63. The author wrote this article _______.

　　　 A. to analyze the weakness of human nature

B. to urge people to stand out when in need

　　　 C. to criticize the selfishness of bystanders

　　　 D. to explain why bystanders behave as they do

阅读下面短文，掌握其大意．然后从1—15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A land free from destruction（毁灭，破坏）, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply ——  all these were important 1      in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. 2       they were not enough. Something else was needed to start the industrial process. That "something special" was men —— 3      individuals who could invent machines, find new 4      of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society. The men who created the machines of the Industrial Revolution 5     from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were 6       inventors than scientists. A man who is a pure scientist is primarily interested in doing his research 7       .He is not necessarily working 8      that his findings can be used. An inventor or one interested in applied science is all trying to make something that has a concrete use. He may try to solve a problem by 9       the theories 10       science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a  11      result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb（灯泡）, or one of 12      other objectives. Most of the people who 13       the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had little or no training in science might not have made their inventions 14      a groundwork had not been laid by scientists years 15     .

完形填空

　　A land free from destruction (破坏), plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply－all these were important 1 in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. 2 they were not enough. Something 3 was needed to start the industrial process. That “something special” was men- 4 individuals who could invent machines, find new 5 of power, and establish business organizations to reshape (改造) society.

　　The men who 6 the machines of the Industrial Revolution 7 from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were 8 inventors than scientists. A man who is a 9 scientist is primarily interested in doing his research 10 . He is not necessarily working so that his findings can be used.

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