Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors (统治者) and generals and soldiers, while the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all. We do not know who first set a broken leg, or launched a seaworthy boat, or calculated the length of the year, or manured (施肥)a field; but we know all about the killers and destroyers.

People think a great deal of them, so much that on all the highest pillars (纪念柱)in the great cities of the world you will find the figure of a conqueror or a general or a soldier. And I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors. It is just possible they are, but they are not the most civilized. Animals fight; so do savages（野蛮人）; so to be good at fighting is to be good in the way in which an animal or a savage is good, but it is not to be civilized. Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently — this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done — is not being civilized.  People fight to settle quarrels. Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some ways of settling their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off greater number of the other side, and then saying that the side which has killed most has won. And not only has it won, but, because it has won, it has been in the right. For that is what going to war means; it means saying that power is right.

This is what the story of mankind has on the whole been like. Even our own age has fought the two greatest wars in history, in which millions of people were killed or mutilated (disabled). And while today it is true that people do not fight and kill each other in the streets — while, that is to say, we have got to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other in daily life — nations and countries have not learnt to do this yet, and still behave like savages.

1.In the opening sentence, the author indicates that           .

       A．most history books were written by conquerors, generals and soldiers

       B．history book tell us far more about conquerors, generals and soldiers than actual creators of civilization

       C．those who rally helped human civilization forward is not mentioned in history books at all

       D．conquerors, generals and soldiers should be least mentioned in history books

2.According to the passage, most people believe that the greatest countries are those that     .

       A．built the highest pillars for their conquerors

       B．were ruled by the greatest number of conquerors

       C．won the greatest number of battles against other countries

       D．were beaten in battle by the greatest number of other countries

3.In the author’s opinion, the countries that conquered a large number of other countries are

                 .

       A．certainly both the most powerful and most civilized.

       B．neither the greatest nor the most civilized in any way.

       C．possibly either the most civilized or the most powerful in a way.

       D．likely the most powerful in some sense but not the most civilized.

4.The meaning of the last sentence in Paragraph 2 is that          .

　　A．fighters believe that the winner is right and the loser wrong.

       B．only those who are powerful have the right to go to war.

       C．those who are right should fight against those who are wrong.

       D．only powerful nations might win the right to rule weak ones.

 

The noise was so _____ that only those with excellent hearing were aware of it.

　　A. dim    B. soft    C. faint    D. gentle

       Culture is one of the most challenging elements of the international marketplace. This system of learned behavior patterns characteristic of the members of a given society is constantly shaped by a set of dynamic variables: language, religion, values and attitudes, manners and customs, aesthetics, technology, education, and social institutions.』① To cope with this system, an international manager needs both factual and interpretive knowledge of culture. To some extent, the factual knowledge can be learned; its interpretation comes only through experience.

　　The most complicated problems in dealing with the cultural environment stem from the fact that one cannot learn culture—one has to live it. Two schools of thought exist in the business world on how to deal with cultural diversity. One is that business is business the world around, following the model of Pepsi and McDonald’s. In some cases, globalization is a fact of life; however, cultural differences are still far from converging.

　　The other school proposes that companies must tailor business approaches to individual cultures. Setting up policies and procedures in each country has been compared to an organ transplant; the critical question centers around acceptance or rejection. The major challenge to the international manager is to make sure that rejection is not a result of cultural myopia or even blindness.

　　Fortune examined the international performance of a dozen large companies that earn 20 percent or more of their revenue overseas. The internationally successful companies all share an important quality: patience. They have not rushed into situations but rather built their operations carefully by following the most basic business principles. These principles are to know your adversary, know your audience, and know your customer.

8. According to the passage, which of the following is true?

　 A. All international managers can learn culture.

　 B. Business diversity is not necessary.

　 C. Views differ on how to treat culture in business world.

　 Ｄ. Most people do not know foreign culture well.

9. According to the author, the model of Pepsi .

　Ａ. is in line with the theories of the school advocating the business is business the world around

　Ｂ. is different from the model of McDonald’s

　Ｃ. shows the reverse of globalization

　Ｄ. has converged cultural differences

10. The two schools of thought .

　　Ａ. both propose that companies should tailor business approaches to individual cultures

　　Ｂ. both advocate that different policies be set up in different countries

　　Ｃ. admit the existence of cultural diversity in business world

　　Ｄ. Both Ａ and Ｂ

11. This article is supposed to be most useful for those .

　　A. who are interested in researching the topic of cultural diversity

　  B. who have connections to more than one type of culture

　　C. who want to travel abroad

　　D. who want to run business on International Scale

12. According to Fortune, successful international companies .

　  Ａ. earn 20 percent or more of their revenue overseas

　  Ｂ. all have the quality of patience

　  Ｃ. will follow the overseas local cultures

　　Ｄ. adopt the policy of internationalization

       Most musicians agree that the best violins were first made in Italy．They were made in Cremona, Italy, about 200 years ago．These violins sound better than any others．They even sound better than violins made today．Violin makers and scientists try to make instruments like the old Italian violins．But they aren’t the same．Musicians still prefer the old ones．No one really knows why these old Italian violins are so special, but many people think they have an answer．

Some people think it is the age of the violins．They say that today’s violins will also sound wonderful someday．But there is a problem here．Not all old violins sound wonderful．Only those from Cremona are special．So age cannot be the answer．There must be something different about Cremona or those Italian violin makers．

Other people think the secret to those violins is the wood．The wood of the violin is very important．It must be from certain kinds of trees．It must not be too young or too old．Perhaps the violin makers of Cremons knew something special about wood for violins．

But the kind of wood may not be so important．It may be more important to cut the wood in a special way．Wood for a violin must be cut very carefully．It has to be the right size and shape．The smallest difference will change the sound of the violin．Musicians sometimes think that this was the secret of the Italians．Maybe they understood more than we do about how to cut the wood．

Size and shape may not be the answer either．Scientists measured these old violins very carefully．They can make new ones that are exactly the same size and shape．But the new violins still do not sound as good as the old one．Some scientists think the secret may be the varnish, which covers the wood of the violin and makes it look shiny．It also helps the sound of the instrument．No one knows what the Italian violin makers used in their varnish．So no one can make the same varnish today．

There may never be other violins like the violins of Cremona．Their secret may be lost forever．Young musicians today hope this is not true．They need fine violins．But there aren’t very many of the old violins left．Also, the old violins are very expensive．Recently, a famous old Italian violin was sold for about US $ 300,000!

This passage is about _______．

　   A．making violins 　　　　　            B．musical   instruments

　   C．scientific ideas 　　　　              D．the old Italian violins

The best violins _______．

       A．are made with modern techniques 　    B．were lost   many years ago

       C．were made in Italy 200 years ago       D．were made by scientists．

Some people think that modem violins ______．

       A．will sound better in the future 　   B．will sound worse in the future

       C．sound wonderful naturally          D．will never be as old as those from Cremona

Violins made today _______．

　   A．look the same as the old ones

　   B．sound the same as the old ones

　   C．are better than the old ones　

       D．have the same varnish as the old ones

Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors (统治者) and generals and soldiers, while the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all. We do not know who first set a broken leg, or launched a seaworthy boat, or calculated the length of the year, or manured (施肥)a field; but we know all about the killers and destroyers.

People think a great deal of them, so much that on all the highest pillars (纪念柱)in the great cities of the world you will find the figure of a conqueror or a general or a soldier. And I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors. It is just possible they are, but they are not the most civilized. Animals fight; so do savages（野蛮人）; so to be good at fighting is to be good in the way in which an animal or a savage is good, but it is not to be civilized. Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently — this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done — is not being civilized.  People fight to settle quarrels. Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some ways of settling their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off greater number of the other side, and then saying that the side which has killed most has won. And not only has it won, but, because it has won, it has been in the right. For that is what going to war means; it means saying that power is right.

This is what the story of mankind has on the whole been like. Even our own age has fought the two greatest wars in history, in which millions of people were killed or mutilated (disabled). And while today it is true that people do not fight and kill each other in the streets — while, that is to say, we have got to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other in daily life — nations and countries have not learnt to do this yet, and still behave like savages.

In the opening sentence, the author indicates that           .

       A．most history books were written by conquerors, generals and soldiers

       B．history book tell us far more about conquerors, generals and soldiers than actual creators of civilization

       C．those who rally helped human civilization forward is not mentioned in history books at all

       D．conquerors, generals and soldiers should be least mentioned in history books

According to the passage, most people believe that the greatest countries are those that     .

       A．built the highest pillars for their conquerors

       B．were ruled by the greatest number of conquerors

       C．won the greatest number of battles against other countries

       D．were beaten in battle by the greatest number of other countries

In the author’s opinion, the countries that conquered a large number of other countries are

                 .

       A．certainly both the most powerful and most civilized.

       B．neither the greatest nor the most civilized in any way.

       C．possibly either the most civilized or the most powerful in a way.

       D．likely the most powerful in some sense but not the most civilized.

The meaning of the last sentence in Paragraph 2 is that          .

　　A．fighters believe that the winner is right and the loser wrong.

       B．only those who are powerful have the right to go to war.

       C．those who are right should fight against those who are wrong.

       D．only powerful nations might win the right to rule weak ones.