In 1826, a Frenchman named Niepce needed pictures for his business. But he was not a good artist. So he invented a very simple cameras. He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his yard. That was the first photograph.

　　The next important date in the history! of photography was 1837. That year, Daguerre, another French, took a picture of his studio. He used a new kind of camera and a different process. In his pictures, you could see everything very clearly, even the smallest details. This kind of photograph was called a daguerreotype.

　　Soon, other people began to use Daguerre's process. Travelers brought back daguerreotypes from all around the world. People photographed famous buildings, cities and mountains.

　　In about 1840, the process was improved. Then photographers could take pictures of people and moving things. The process was not simple. The photographers had to cary lots of films and processing equipment. But this did not stop the photographers, especially in the United States. After 1840s daguerreotype artists were popular in most cities.

　　Mathew Brady was a well - known American photographer. He took many pictures of famous people. The pictures were unusual because they were very life - like and full of personality （个性）.

　　Brady was also the first preson to take pictures of war. His 1862 Civil War pictures showed dead soldiers and ruined cities. They made the war seem more real and more terrible.

　　In the 1880s, new inventions began to change photography... Photographers could buy films readymade in rolls（卷）. So they did not have to make the film themselves. Also, they did not have to process the film immediately. They could bring it back to their studios and develop it later meaning that they did not have to carry lots of equipment. And finally, the invention of the small handheld camera made photography less expensive.

　　With the small camera, anyone could be a photographer. People began to use cameras just for fun. They took pictures of their families, friends and favorite places. They called these pictures" snapshot".

　　Photographs became very popular in newspapers in the 1890s. Soon magazines and books also used documentary photographs. These pictures showed true events and people. They were much more real than drawing.

　　Photography also turned into a form of art by the end of the 10th century. Some photographs were not just copies of the real world. They showed ideas and feelings, like other art forms.

　　The passage is mainly about ________.

　　A. the inventoin of cameras

　　B. a kind of new art - photography

　　C. the development of photography

　　D. the important dates in the history of photography

　　　The first pictures of a war were taken by________.

　　A. a French photographer in the 1840s

　　B. an American photographer in the 1860s

　　C. a German reporter in the 1880s

　　D. a French artist in the 1890s

　　Photography can also be an art form because artists can ________.

　　A. take anything they like

　　B. keep a record of real life

　　C. take photos of the famous

　　D. show ideas and feeling in pictures

Thinking about the fact that I was not prepared well enough,and _______ to lose my face,I gave up this year’s civil service exam.?

A. didn?t want B. not wanted?

C. not wanting　D. not to want?

On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln went to Gettysburg in Pennsylvania to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery. The Civil War was still going on. There was much criticism of President Lincoln at the time. He was not at all popular. He had been invited to speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness. The principal speaker was to be Edward Everett, a famous statesman and speaker of the day. Everett was a handsome man and very popular everywhere.
　　It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg. Late that night, alone in his hotel room and tired out, he again worked briefly on the speech. The next day Everett spoke first. He spoke for an hour and 57 minutes. His speech was a perfect example of the rich oratory of the day. Then Lincoln rose. The crowd of 15,000 people at first paid little attention to him. He spoke for only nine minutes. At the end there was little applause. Lincoln turned to a friend and said , "I have failed again." On the train back to Washington, he said sadly, "That speech was a flat failure, and the people are disappointed."
　　Some newspapers at first criticized（批评）the speech. But little by little as people read the speech they began to understand better. They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deep meaning. It was a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could have made.
　　Today, every American school child learns Lincoln's Gettysburg Address by heart. Now everyone thinks of it as one of the greatest speeches ever given in American history.
【小题1】.
In 1863, Abraham Lincoln was_________.

A．very critical

B．unpopular

C．very popular

D．very courteous （礼貌）

【小题2】.
. Lincoln was invited to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery because he was_________.

A．a famous speaker

B．a very handsome man

C．President of the country

D．a popular statesman

【小题3】.
It can be inferred from the text that_________.

A．Lincoln prepared his speech very carefully before he went to Gettysburg

B．Lincoln was very busy at the time and didn't have much time to prepare his speech

C．Lincoln's speech was full of rich words

D．Lincoln's speech was very long

【小题4】.
It was a fact that Lincoln's speech was _________.

A．an immediate success

B．warmly applauded

C．a total failure

D．not well-received at first

【小题5】.
Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

A．Lincoln's Gettysburg Address has deep meaning.

B．Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is simple in style.

C．Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is memorized by every American school child.

D．Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is the greatest speech ever delivered in the United States.

“The pen is more powerful than the sword（刀）.” There have been many writers who used their pens to fight things that were wrong. Mrs Harriet Beecher Stowe was one of them.

　　She was born in the U.S.A. in 1811.One of her books not only made her famous but has been described as one that excited the world, and was helpful in causing a civil war and freeing the enslaved race. The civil war was the American Civil War of 1861, in which the Northern States fought the Southern States and finally won.

　　This book that shook the world was called Uncle Tom's Cabin. There was time when every English-speaking man, woman, and child has read this novel that did so much to stop slavery.  Not many people read it today, but it is still very interesting. The book has shown us how a warm-hearted writer can arouse (唤起) people's sympathies. The author herself had neither been to the Southern States nor been a slave. The Southern Americans were very angry at the book, which they said did not at all represent true state of affairs, but the Northern Americans were wildly excited over it and were so inspired by it that they were ready to go to war to set the slaves free.

According to the passage______

　A. every English-speaking person has read Uncle Tom's Cabin

　B. Uncle Tom's Cabin was not very interesting

　C. those who don't speak English cannot have read Uncle Tom's Cabin

　D. the book Uncle Tom's Cabin did a great deal in the American Civil War

What do you learn about Mrs Harriet Beecher Stowe from the passage?

　A. She had been living in the north of America before the American Civil War broke out.

　B. She herself encouraged the Northern Americans to go to war to set the slaves free.

　C. She was better as writing as swinging (挥舞) a sword.

　D. She had once been a slave.

Why could Mrs Harriet Beecher Stowe's book cause a civil war in America?

　A. She wrote so well that Americans loved her very much.

　B. She disclosed the terrible wrongs that had been done to the slaves in the Southern States.

　C. The Southern Americans hated the book while the Northern Americans like it.

　D. The book had been read by many Americans.

What can we learn from the passage?

　A. We needn't use weapons (武器) to fight things that are wrong.

　B. A writer is more helpful in a war than a soldier.

　C. We must understand the importance of literature and art.

　D. No war can be won without such a book as Uncle Tom's Cabin.