It happened one morning 20 years ago. A British scientist Alec Jeffrey came across DNA fingerprinting: He identified the patterns of genetic material that are unique to almost every individual. His discovery changed everything from the way we do criminal investigations to the way we decide family law. But the professor of genetics at the University of Leicester, UK, is still surprised, and a bit worried, by the power of the technology he released upon the world.

The patterns within DNA are unique to each individual, except identical twins, who share the same pattern. The ability to identify these patterns has been used to convict(证明…有罪) murderers and to clear people who are wrongly accused. It is also used to identify the victims of war and settle disputes over who is the father of a child.

Jeffrey said he and his colleagues made the discovery by accident while tracking genetic variations(变异). But, within six months of the discovery, genetic fingerprinting had been used in an immigration case, to prove that an African boy really was his parents’ son.·In 1986, it was used for the first time in a British criminal case: It cleared one suspect after being accused of two murders and helped convict another man.

DNA testing is now very common. In Britain, a national criminal database established in 1995 now contains 2.5 million DNA samples. The U.S. and Canada are developing similar systems. But there are fears about the stored DNA samples and how they could be used to harm a person’s privacy. That includes a person’s medical history, racial origin or psychological profile. “There is the long-term risk that people can get into these samples and start getting additional information about a person’s paternity(父子关系) or risk of disease,” Jeffrey said.

DNA testing is not an unfailing proof of identity. Still, it is considered a reasonably reliable system for determining the things it is used for. Jeffrey estimates the probability of two individuals’ DNA profiles matching in the most commonly used tests at one in a billion.

 

1.According to the text, DNA testing can NOT be used in _______ .

A. doing criminal investigations        B. deciding faraily law

C. clearmg wrongly accused people       D. telling twins apart

2.DNA samples are not popular with all the people because _______ .

A. the government in Britain establishes a criminal database

B. the US and Canada develop similar systems

C. DNA samples can be used to harm a person’s privacy

D. DNA testing is too expensive and dangerous now

3.Where will you most probably find this article?

A. In a guidebook.                      B. In a storybook.

C. In a science fiction.                D. In a scientific magazine.

4.Which is the best title for the passage?

A. Discovery of DNA testing by Jeffery    B. Practice of DNA testing in court

C. DNA testing in the present situation   D.Benefits and side effects of DNA testing

 

A new research has uncovered that culture is a determining factor when interpreting facial emotions （情感）．The study reveals that in cultures where emotional control is the standard, such as Japan, focus is placed on the eyes to interpret emotions．Whereas in cultures where emotion is  openly expressed, such as the United States, the focus is on the mouth to interpret emotion．

       "These findings go against the popular theory that the facial expressions of basic emotions can be universally recognized," said University of Alberta researcher Dr．Takahiko Masuda．"A person's culture plays a very strong role in determining how they will read emotions and needs to be considered when interpreting facial expression．"

       These cultural differences are even noticeable in computer emoticons （情感符号）, which are used to convey a writer's emotions over email and text messaging．The Japanese emoticons for happiness and sadness vary in terms of how the eyes are drawn, while American emoticons vary with the direction of the mouth．In the United States the emoticons :） and :-） show a happy face, whereas the emoticons  : （ or : -（  show a sad face．However, Japanese tend to use the symbol （ ' ' ） to indicate a happy face, and （ ;_; ）to indicate a sad face．

       "We think it is quite interesting and appropriate that a culture tends to mask its emotions．The Japanese would focus on a person's eyes when determining emotion, as eyes tend to be quite subtle （微妙的）," said Masuda．"In the United States, where open emotion is quite common, it makes sense to focus on the mouth, which is the most expressive feature on a person's face．"

The text mainly tells us that __________．

       A．cultural differences are expressed in emotions

       B．culture is the key to interpreting facial emotions

       C．different emoticons are preferred in different cultures

       D．people from different cultures express emotions differently

Which emoticon is used by Americans to show a happy face?

       A．（;_;）            B．:-）         C．:-（                D．: （

If a Japanese wants to detect whether a smile is true or false, he will probably_______．

       A．read the whole face  B．focus on the mouth

       C．look into the eyes    D．judge by the voice

People used to believe that _______．

       A．some facial expressions of emotions were too complex to be recognized

       B．people in the world interpreted basic emotions in different ways

       C．people could only recognize the facial expressions of basic emotions

       D．people all over the world understood basic emotions in the same way

完形填空：（共30分，每小题1.5分）

My 14-year-old son, John,  and I                       

 Spotted（挑出，察觉） the coat at the same time.  It was              

hanging at a （an）  36    clothing store. 

The coat had a black velvet collar（天鹅绒衣领）,  delightful

tailoring,  a Fifth Avenue label （标签） and a （an） 37    price of  $28.

We looked at   38   , saying nothing, 39   John’s eyes shone.  Dark, woolen topcoats were popular just then with   40  ,  but could    41   several hundred dollars new.

    John  42   the coat.  He turned from side to side, eyeing himself in the mirror with a serious,  studied 43  that soon changed into a smile.  The   44   was perfect.  John wore the coat to school the next day and came home wearing a big smile.  “How did the kids like your coat? ”  I asked.  “They love it. ” He said, carefully    45  it over the chair and smoothing it flat.

Over the next few weeks, the 46  came over John.  Quiet, reasoned discussion was 47  argument.  He became more thoughtful and eager to  48    .  “Good dinner,  Mum, ” he would say every evening.  One day when I suggested that he might start on homework before dinner,  John said,  “You are right,  and I guess I will. ”

When I    49   this to one of his teachers and remarked that I didn’t know   50  caused the changes,  she said with laughter,  “It must be his coat! ” At the library,  we  51  to meet a friend who had not seen our children for a long time.  “  52  this be John? ” He asked,  looking up to John’s new height and coat,  and extending his hand,  one gentleman to another.

John and I both knew we should never 53  a person’s clothes for the real person within them.  But there is something to be said for   54   a standard of excellence for the world to see,  for practicing standard of excellence in thought,  speech and behavior,  and for   55 what is on the inside with what is on the outside.

1.A. second-hand        B. expensive       C. big           D. cheap

2.A. reasonable         B. unbelievable     C. special        D. average

3.A. each other         B. one another      C. the other       D. others

4.A. therefore          B. however         C. but           D. thus

5.A. adults            B. people           C. parents        D. teenagers

6.A. spend            B. cost             C. pay           D. take

7.A. touched          B. buttoned          C. held          D. obtained

8.A. gesture           B. expression        C. attitude        D. feeling

9.A. color             B. price             C. fit           D. style

10.A. pressing         B. taking            C. hanging       D. folding

11.A. happiness                  B. satisfaction        C. change            D. generosity

12.A. because of             B. instead of         C. aware of               D. full of

13.A. please                    B. understand        C. complain             D. apologize

14.A. mentioned             B. wrote            C. reported               D. explained

15.A. when            B. how              C. what           D. that

16.A. happened         B. came             C. intended        D. decided

17.A. Should           B. Would            C. Must           D. Could

18.A. watch            B. judge             C. mistake         D. consider

19.A. doing            B. showing           C. speaking        D. wearing

20.A. comparing        B. connecting         C. combining       D. matching

 

"I've changed my mind．I wanted to have a telescope, but now I want my daddy back．" Lucien Lawrence's letter to Father Christmas, written after his schoolteacher father had been knifed to death outside his school gale, must have touched every heart．Lucien went on to say that without his father he couldn't see the stars in the sky．When those whom we love depart from us, we cannot see the stare for a while．

But Lucien, the stars are still there, and one day, when you are older and your tears have gone, you will see them again．And, in a strange way, I expect that you will find your father is there too, in your mind and in your heart．I find that my parents, long dead now, still figure in many of my dreams and that I think of them perhaps more than 1 ever did when they were alive．I still live to please them and I'm still surprised by their reactions．I remember that when I became a professor,! was so proud, or rather so pleased with myself, that I couldn't wait to call my parents．The reply was a long time in coming, but when it did, all Mother said was "I hope this means that now you will have more time for the children!" I haven't forgotten．The values of my parents still live on．

It makes me pause and think about how I will live on in the hearts and minds of my children and of those for whom I care．Would I have been as ready as Philip Lawrence have been to face the aggressors （挑衅者）, and to lay down my life for those in my care? How many people would want me back for Christmas'' It's a serious thought, one to give me pause．

I pray silently, sometimes, in the dead of night, that ancient cry of a poet " Deliver my soul from the sword（剑）, and my darling from the power of the dog．" Yet I know the death comes to us all,

and sometimes comes suddenly．We must therefore plan to live forever, but live as if we will die

tomorrow．We live on, I'm sure, in the lives of those we loved．and therefore we ought to have a care

for what they will remember and what they will treasure．If more parents knew this in their hearts to

be true, there might be fewer knives on our streets today．

1.According to the whole text we can see that the first paragraph ______．

    A．puts forward the subject of the text

    B．shows the author's pity on the kid

    C．acts as an introduction to the discussion

    D．makes a clear statement of the author's views

2.In the second paragraph the author mainly wants to explain to us ______．

    A．how much he misses his parents now

    B．why his parents often appear in his dream

    C．when Lucien will get over all his sadness

    D．how proud he was when he succeeded in life

3.What feeling did the author's mother express in her reply?

    A．Proud．          B．Happy．          C．Disappointed．  D．Worried

4.In the author's opinion, the value of a person's life is ______．

    A．to leave behind a precious memory to the people related

    B．to have a high sense of duty to the whole society

    C．to care what others will remember and treasure

    D．to share happiness and sadness with his family

5.What does the writer mean by the sentence taken from an old poem?

    A．Call on criminals and murderers to lay down their guns．

    B．Advise parents stay with their children safely at home．

    C．Spend every day meaningfully in memory of the death．

   D．Try to keep violence and murder far away from society．

 

 

 If you can buy a person’s friendship, it’s not worth _____ .

   A. having             B. being has           C. to be had         D. of being had