Directions:  Read the following passage. Complete the diagram by using the information from the passage.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

As we all know, all the governments in the world collect taxes（税）, but what are they and what are they used for? Some people may not know about them.

There are two kinds of taxes. One of the most important taxes is income-taxes which a person pays according to the amount of his income. Whatever he is, he must pay tax if income is more than a certain amount. This is called a “direct” tax, because it is paid in money directly to the government.

Another tax is paid on goods. When they are brought into a country, such a tax is paid as part of the price of these goods if they are later sold in shops. We call it “indirect” tax, because it is paid indirectly through the shopkeepers.

People usually complain about having to pay taxes, but they forget that the money is spent on what they need. On one hand, we need policemen and soldiers to protect us from danger. Meanwhile, we also need schools and teachers for our children. On the other hand, we need officials and workers to serve us. Above all, we need money to develop our nation.

Taxes, therefore, can’t be avoided. We have no real reason to complain when we are asked to supply money to be spent for the good of ourselves and for our fellow-citizens.

Title:   1.  are necessary in our life

Climate change，pollution，overuse of water and development are killing some of the world’s most famous rivers including China’s Yangtze．India’s Ganges and Africa’s Nile．WWF said on Tuesday．At the global launch of its report “World’s Top 10 Rivers at Risk”，the group said many rivers could dry out, affecting hundreds of millions of people and killing unique aquatic（水生的）life．

    “If these rivers die，millions will lose their livelihoods，biodiversity（生物多样性）will be destroyed on a massive scale，there will be less fresh water and agriculture，resulting in less food security，”said．Rayi Singh，secretary—general of WWF—India．The report launched ahead of “World Water Day” today，also cited the Rio Grande in the United States，the Mekong and Indus in Asia，Europe’s Danube, La Plata in South America and Australia’s Murray—Darling as in need of greater protection．

    Rivers are the world’s main source of fresh water and WWF says about half of the available supply is already being used up．Dams have destroyed habitats and cut rivers off from their flood plains．while climate change could affect the seasonal water flows that feed them，the report said．Fish populations，the top source of protein and overall life support for hundreds of thousands of communities worldwide，are also being threatened, it found．．The Yangtze basin is one of the most polluted rivers in the world because of decades of heavy industrialization，damming and huge influxes（流入）of sediment（积淀）from land conversion．

  Climate change，including higher temperatures，also means serious consequences for fishery productivity，water supply and political security in Africa’s arid Nile basin．Tributaries（支流）flowing into the Ganges are drying up because of irrigation，WWF said．

1.hat is the text mainly about?

A．Saving fresh water in our life．   B．How to protect our rivers．

C．An important discovery．   D．World’s top 10 rivers are at risk．

2.We can infer from the text that _____．

A．rivers’ dying out could affect food security

B．there are four Asian rivers mentioned in the passage

C．the Yangtze is polluted thanks to the lack of enough tributaries

D．higher temperatures couldn’t affect fishery productivity

3.The top 10 rivers are fast dying as a result of the following EXCEPT _____．

A．climate change B．wasting water       C．pollution            D．dams

4.WWF is probably a name of _____．

A．an organization        B．a newspaper      C．a magazine         D．a report

根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两处为多余选项。

To extinguish （熄灭） different kinds of fires, several types of fire extinguishers have

been invented．   1____. Most portable （手提式的） kinds operate for less than a minute,

so they are useful only on small fires．The law requires ships, trains, buses and planes to carry

extinguishers．

Since fuel, oxygen （氧气） and heat must be present in order for fire to exist, one or more of these things must be removed or reduced to extinguish a fire．   2_____． The cooling method is the most common way to put out a fire．Water is the best cooling material because it is low in cost and easy to get．

____3____. This is usually done by covering the fire with sand, steam or some other things．A blanket may be used do cover a small fire．

A third method is called separation．_____4______．

The method that is used to put out a fire depends upon the type of fire．Fires have been grouped in three classes．____5____. These materials usually help keep the fire on．Such fires can be stopped most readily by cooling with water．

    A．Fire extinguishers should be available everywhere in our life．

    B．They must be ready for immediate use when fire breaks out．

    C．Where a fire breaks out, there will surely be unavoidable damage．

    D．Fires in wood, paper, cloth and the like are called Class A fires．

    E．Another method of extinguishing fire is by cutting off the oxygen．

    F．If the heat is reduced by cooling the material below a certain temperature, the fire goes out．

    G．It includes removing the fuel, or material easy to burn, from a fire, so that it can find no fuel.

三、完形填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）

阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从34－48各题所给的四个选项A、B、C和D中，选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

If we really want to be happy, why do we complain all the time in our daily life? We can be active in our life by setting goals and going   34   what we want. But if we’re always expressing complaints, we can not really live   35  .

If you don’t believe me,   36   how many times you complain about something or other in one day. Whether it is being stuck in traffic, being bothered by the weather, or whatever it is, there are endless   37   where you can find a reason to complain. But it’s not just outside circumstances   38   we complain about. We also complain about   39  . We complain constantly that we don’t have enough time, that we don’t have enough money and that we’re not   40   enough, cool enough, or just enough.

Most of us have experienced plenty of unpleasantness   41   complaining about things we can’t control, so do I. And I   42   really thought about it much until I found the website about “living in a complaint-free world”, which   43   my attitude towards life.

Imagine how   44   you would be if you simply stopped being a complainer.   45   of what you complain of is outside of your control anyway.   46  , it is no use thinking about something you have no power to change. When you   47   that you’re complaining, stop and ask yourself if you would rather complain, or be happy.

In our daily life, we have many choices. As Dale Carnegie puts it, any fool can criticize and complain but it takes character and   48   for the wise persons to live a complaint-free and happy life.

34.   A. without                      B. against                 C. after                  D. over

35.   A. effectively                      B. normally                C. casually                 D. honestly

36.   A. scan                                 B. evaluate                C. witness                  D. count

37.   A. effects                             B. cases                      C. consequences      D. anecdotes

38.   A. that                                  B. which                     C. where                    D. what

39.   A. yourselves                      B. themselves           C. oneself                   D. ourselves

40.   A. clumsy                   B. attractive              C. neat                        D. awesome

41.   A. due to                              B. in addition to        C. by means of          D. in spite of

42.   A. ever                                 B. even                       C. never                      D. once

43.   A. reflected                         B. strengthened       C. abandoned           D. changed

44.   A. awkward                        B. confident               C. awful                      D. cheerful

45.   A. Few                                  B. Little                       C. Much                      D. Many

46.   A. Therefore                       B. However               C. Otherwise             D. Anyway

47.   A. guarantee                      B. determine       C. realize                    D. recommend

48.   A. dignity                    B. self-control           C. judgement            D. affection

When you make a mistake, big or small, cherish (珍视) it like it’s the most precious thing in the world, because in some ways, it is.

Most of us feel bad when we make mistakes, beat ourselves up about it, feel like failures, get mad at ourselves.

And that’s only natural. Most of us have been taught from a young age that mistakes are bad, and we should try to avoid mistakes. We’ve been scolded when we make mistakes—at home, school and work. Maybe not always, but probably enough times to make feeling bad about mistakes an unconscious（无意识的）reaction.

Yet without mistakes, we could not learn or grow. If you think about it that way, mistakes should be cherished and celebrated for being one of the most amazing things in the world. They make learning possible; they make growth and improvement possible.

By trial and error—trying things, making mistakes, and learning from those mistakes—we have figured out how to make electric light, to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, to fly.

Mistakes make walking possible for the smallest toddler, make speech possible, and make works of genius possible.

Think about how we learn：We don’t just consume information about something and instantly know it or know how to do it. You don’t just read about painting，or writing，or computer programming，or baking, or playing the piano, and know how to do them right away. Instead, you get information about something, from reading or from another person or from observing usually...then you construct a model in your mind...then you test it out by trying it in the real world...then you make mistakes...then you revise the model based on the results of your real world experimentation...and repeat, making mistakes, learning from those mistakes, until you’ve pretty much learned how to do something. That’s how we learn as babies and toddlers, and how we learn as adults. Mistakes are how we learn to do something new—because if you succeed at something, it’s probably something you already knew how to do. You haven’t really grown much from that success—at most it’s the last step on your journey, not the whole journey. Most of the journey is made up of mistakes, if it’s a good journey.

So if you value learning，if you value growing and improving，then you should value mistakes. They are amazing things that make a world of brilliance possible.

1.Why do most of us feel bad about making mistakes?

2.According to the passage, what is the right attitude to mistakes?

3.The underlined word “toddler” in Paragraph 6 probably means ________.

4.We can learn from the passage that ________.

5.What is the best title of this passage?