People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed．It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive．

Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions．They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors．There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed．As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory．The controversy is often referred to as  “nature and nurture”．

Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors．That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory．Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts（本能）．

Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act．A behaviorist, B．F．Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings．The behaviorists’ view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans’ respond to environmental stimuli（刺激） as the basis of their behavior．

Socially and politically, the consequences of these two theories are far-reaching．In the US, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests．This leads some “anature” proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically lower in status than whites．Behaviorists, on the contrary, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do．

Either of these theories cannot yet fully explain human behavior．In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes．That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain．

1.This passage is mainly concerned with              ．

    A．relation between personality and behavior

    B．relation between behavior and environment

    C．different accounts of patterns of human behavior

    D．different theories of the formation of human behavior

2.The underlined word " proponents'' in paragraph 2 means           ．

    A．creators         B．advisors         C．advocates        D．judges

3.In paragraph 5 , the author mainly writes about           ．

    A．the considerable influence of the two theories

    B．differences between the blacks and whites

    C．racial discrimination in the United States

    D．different responds to intelligence tests

4.What's the author's purpose in writing the passage?

    A．To call our attention to the changes of human behavior．

    B．To urge scientists to do more research in social science．

    C．To give us a detailed explanation of human behavior．

    D．To present an argument in the field of social science．

 

 

请阅读下列短文，从每题 所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项的标号涂黑。

A

  One morning more than thirty years ago. I entered the Track Kitehen, a reandeant where everyone from the humblest (卑微的) to the most powerful came for breakfast. I noticed and empty chair next to an elderly. Unshaven man, who looked somewhat  disheveled. He was wearing a worn-out hat and was alone, I asked if I might join him. He agreed quietly and I sat down to have my breakfast.

  We cautiously began a conversation and spoke about a wide range of things. We never introduced ourselves. I was concemed that he might are no money and not be able to afford something to eat. So as I rose to go back to the counter and buy a second cup of coffee , I asked.

  “ May I get you something ? ”

  “ A coffee would he nice . ”

  Then I bought him a cup of coffee. We talked more, and he accepted another cup of coffee. Finally, I rose to leave, wished him well, and beaded for the exit. At the door I met one of my friends. He asked.

  “ How did yountre to know Mr.Galbreath? ”

  “ XXX ? ”

  “ The man you were sitting with. He is chairman of the Board of Churchill Downs. ”

  I could hardly believe it . I was buying, offering a free breakfast, and feeling pity for one of the world’s richest and most powerful men ! ”

  My few minutes with Mr. Galbreath changed my life. Now I try to treat everyone with respect .no matter who I think they are, and to meet another human being with kindness and XXX.

 

56. wint ar underhand word “dishevcled mean?

  A.ybtendly

  B.unndy

  C.centle

  D.kned

57.The author beght coffce for the old man because ______.

  A.he wought the old man was poor

  B.he wanted to start a conserstion

  C.he intended to how his politeness

  D.he would like to thank the old man

58.How did the auther probably feel after he talked with his friend?

  A.Proud

  B.Pitiful

  C.Surpricd

D.Rectful

59.What is the inegge mainly expressed in the story?

  A.we should learn to he generous

  B.It is honorable to help those in need.

  C.People in high postans are not like what we expect[来源:学&科&网Z&X&X&K]

  D.We should avoid judging people by their appearances.

 

 

.

第三节完形填空（共20小题，30分）

As China faced up to a battle against bird flu, the government announced a range of control measures it believed would bring the disease under control.

This bird flu 21  more than 16 people across Asia and was made certain in China in late January, 2008 No  22  cases had been found in the mainland but at least 13 of the country’s 31   provinces, autonomous regions(自治区) and municipalities had  23  the disease in poultry(家禽).

“It 24 a difficult task for China to prevent and control the disease,  25  the government is confident in the fight,” said a Vice-Minister of Agriculture. He gave details of a range of measures designed to  26  the disease spreading. Poultry within 3km of infected farms was to be killed and those within 5km vaccinated(接种疫苗).  27  , there would be constant monitoring(监控) and daily  28 on the disease across the country, and  29  production of bird flu vaccines.

Among the 11 Asian countries and regions 30 by bird flu in animals, only Vietnam and Thailand had reported human cases. The people infected were reported to have  31  the disease from poultry.?

While the World Health Organization said there was  32  proof of human transmission(传播) of bird flu, it admitted that two sisters who died of bird flu in Vietnam 33  have caught it from their brother.

The big 34  was that the disease could combine with a human flu virus(病毒) to create a deadly 35 disease that would kill millions of people across the  36 . Many Asian farmers live close with their animals and sell  37  chickens on the market. This greatly increases the 38  of human being infected with bird flu.?

An official from WHO said Asian countries affected by bird flu should introduce a more  39 way of raising and selling chickens. They have to completely 40  their lifestyle and attitude towards animals.?

21．A．hurt             B．hit               C．struck              D．killed

22．A．animal            B．bird            C．human          D．poultry

23．A．shown            B．reported           C．struck              D．said

24．A．remains           B．leaves              C．stays               D．continues

25．A．but             B．and                C．while              D．so

26．A．fight           B．control           C．keep              D．stop

27．A．However          B．Meanwhile         C．Therefore          D．Instead

28．A．controls           B．treatments          C．reports             D．vaccines

29．A．started            B．improved          C．increased           D．attempted

30．A．affected           B．destroyed          C．connected           D．introduced

31．A．held               B．covered            C．carried             D．caught

32．A．some             B．much              C．no                D．more

33．A．should            B．might             C．must              D．need

34．A．accident           B．problem           C．task               D．flu

35．A．new              B．strange             C．serious             D．bad

36．A．country           B．area               C．mainland        D．globe

37．A．killed           B．many             C．dead               D．live

38．A．speed            B．possibility       C．introduction        D．experience

39．A．healthy            B．useful              C．simple            D．gentle

40．A．stop            B．change           C．form               D．keep

 

“It was all his own idea, ” says Pat Peters, the 38-year-old wife of Palo Alto, California high school football coach Bob Peters, 39. Bob had just drawn up a “motherhood contract” --a document stating that for 70 days this summer he would take over the care and feeding of the couple’s four children, plus all household chores. Although he didn’t even know how to make coffee when he signed, he was quite confident.(He thought the experience would make a nice book.)

     After 40 of the 70 days, he was ready to give up. “I was beaten down, pletely humbled（挫败的）,”  admits Peters. Three weeks later he spoke to the local press, stating, “Not only is motherhood a difficult task, not only is it never-ending, it is an impossible job for any normal human being.”

     Bob and Pat were high school sweethearts. After they were married in 1960, she worked as a secretary to help put him through university. Since then Bob has been the football and wrestling coach at Palo Alto’s Cubberley High while Pat raised the kids. Then two years ago Pat went back to work as a secretary at Cubberley. “I had been around children so much,” she sighs, “I couldn’t talk to a grown-up.” She continued to run the household, however----until Bob signed the contract, therefore, she decided to relax and enjoy it. 

Although Peters had consulted(咨询) with his school’s home economics teachers and the head of the cafeteria, his meals were sometimes a disaster. “I tried to slip the butter I’d forgotten under the eggs after they were frying, ” he says. For the last three weeks, the family ate out a lot—sometimes having Macdonald’s hamburgers for lunch and dinner.

     As for housekeeping, a home economics teacher had told Bob that a room always looks clean if the bed is made. “I found an easier way-I shut the doors, ” he says. Soon the kids were wearing the same clothes for a week. “I made them wear their shirts inside out, and when we went to pick up Pat at work they turned them right side out so they would look clean.”

     Now that Bob has publicly admitted he was wrong, he is routinely sharing the child-raising and household tasks with Pat. The tentative（暂时的） title of his book about the summer is taken from something he shouted at the kids one day.

1.The couple signed the contract because _______.

    A. Pat plained a lot about her doing the housework all by herself

    B. Bob loved taking care of children and wanted his wife to have a good rest

    C. they agreed that husband and wife should share household tasks

    D. Bob thought it easy to take care of the family and wanted the experience for a book

2.It was agreed that if Bob failed to keep to the contract, he would have to _______.

    A. pay a certain amount of money

    B.  admit publicly he was wrong about motherhood 

 C. say sorry to his wife

    D. do all the housework for years

3.What can we learn about Pat Peters?

    A. She was hard-working and selfless.

    B. She was pretty and kind-hearted.

    C. She was tired of the child-raising and household tasks.

    D. She did not love Bob any longer.

4. Which of the following can best end the news story?

    A. “Wait till your mother gets home!”

    B. “My experience of being a mother.”

    C. “I’m proud of you all, my dear!”

    D. “Motherhood: an impossible job for anyone.”

 

根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中两项为多余选项。

Think about an 11－year－old child spending her days washing clothes，looking after a baby brother，doing hard work on the farm．Think about a little girl．1. and has no water to drink because it is not clean．She has watched her father，brother and sister lose their lives because the family has no money to send for a doctor．

2. For Marie Pastora，these are the facts of life．

Maria Would gladly walk to school，but her mother，now alone，needs her badly at home．Maria had to leave school because of her poor family．

But for just 52 pennies a day，you can help out a child like Maria．3.Through Save The Children you can help Maria’s mother get better crops from their farm．and make money so that she can buy clothes and things for school．

To help Maria most，your money is to put together with other helpers，so hardworking people can help themselves．Build a school,…a hospital…make their farms better…and bring in clean water．This is what Save The Children had been about since 1932．

4.  You can write letters to each other, get photos，study reports．Know you are helping and saving another human being．That’s how Save The Children works． 5.   Please take a moment to fill out the paper below to help a child like Maria and her village．

It can make such a difference in her life and yours．

A．For you there are many returns．

B．Show her that somewhere，someone will help her．

C．One good return deserves another．

D．Hard to believe?

E．She knows there will not be enough food for dinner，

F．But without you，it can’t work．

G．How to help her and her poor villagers?