题目列表(包括答案和解析)
Air pollution is damaging 60% of Europe’s prime wildlife sites in meadows, forests and bushes, according to a new report.
A team of EU scientists said nitrogen emissions(氮排放) from cars, factories and farming were threatening biodiversity. It’s the second report this week warning of the on-going risks and threats linked to nitrogen pollution.
Nitrogen in the atmosphere is harmless in its inert(惰性的) state, but the report says reactive forms of nitrogen, largely produced by human activity, can be a menace to the natural world.
Emissions mostly come from vehicle exhausts(排气), factories, artificial fertilizers(肥料) and animal waste from intensive farming. The reactive nitrogen they emit to the air disrupts the environment in two ways: It can make acidic soils too acidic to support their previous mix of species. But primarily, because nitrogen is a fertilizer, it favors wild plants that can maximize the use of nitrogen to help them grow.
In effect, some of the nitrogen spread to fertilize crops is carried in the atmosphere to fertilize weeds, possibly a great distance from where the chemicals were first applied.
The effects of fertilization and acidification favor common aggressive species like grasses, brambles and nettles. They harm more delicate species like mosses(苔藓), and insect-eating sundew plants.
The report said 60% of wildlife sites were now receiving a critical load of reactive nitrogen. The report’s lead author, Dr Kevin Hicks from the University of York’s Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), told BBC News that England’s Peak District had a definitely low range of species as a result of the reactive nitrogen that fell on the area.
“Nitrogen creates a rather big problem that seems to me to have been given too little attention,” he said. “Governments are responsible for protecting areas like this, but they are clearly failing.”
He said more research was needed to understand the knock-on effects for creatures from the changes in vegetation accidentally caused by emissions from cars, industry and farms.
At the conference, the representatives agreed “The Edinburgh Declaration on Reactive Nitrogen”. The document highlights the importance of reducing reactive nitrogen emissions to the environment, adding that the benefits of reducing nitrogen outweigh the costs of taking action.
1.The underlined word “menace” is used to express that the reactive nitrogen, largely produced by human activity can be ___________.
A. frightening B. threatening C. unique D. unusual
2. We can infer from the passage that _________.
A. it’s harmless to have reactive nitrogen existing in the atmosphere
B. reactive nitrogen emissions help aggressive species less than crops
C. the harm to those delicate species has a negative impact on biodiversity
D. reactive nitrogen can fertilize soils and keep their biodiversity
3. The team of EU scientists released the second report of nitrogen emissions this week when __________.
A. no action was taken to stop nitrogen emission
B. governments were willing to protect areas harmed by nitrogen
C. “The Edinburgh Declaration on Reactive Nitrogen” was agreed
D. nitrogen emissions were threatening wildlife sites’ biodiversity
4. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Keeping Away From Nitrogen Emissions B. Stopping Nitrogen Emissions
C. Air Pollution Damaging Europe’s Wildlife D. Saving Europe’s Wildlife
We all know that language can sometimes get lost in translation. But do you know that some facial 1. may also be2. in cross-cultural situations?
According to a study by Glasgow University, Europeans look3. a person's whole face 4. people from East Asia focus 5.on the eyes. Researchers recorded the eye movements of 13 Westerners and 13 Easterners as they observed pictures of expressive faces. They were asked to6.the pictures into the following categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral.
The team found East Asians focus much more attention on the eyes and also make a 7.number of mistakes. Different from Europeans, they8. to have a more difficult time 9. the difference between a face that looks fearful as opposed to surprised, and disgusted as opposed to angry.
"Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth10. , whereas Easterners11.the eyes and neglect the mouth," said researcher Rachael Jack. "This means that Easterners have12. in telling apart facial expressions that look similar around the eye region."
Jack said that the differences in eye movement reflected a cultural13.in the way people use their faces to express themselves. Easterners use the eyes more and the mouth 14. .
The difference in the use of text message "emoticons" (表情符号) 15. the idea. Easterners use the eyes to16. emotion, for example "^-^" for happy and "┬_┬" for sad. Westerners, 17., use the mouth, for example ":-)" for happy and ":-(" for sad.
The researchers said their results showed communication between people is much more18. than previously thought. When it 19. communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Westerners can find themselves20. in translation.
21. A. expressions B. appearances C. features D. differences
22. A. interesting B. confusing C. outstanding D. surprising
23. A. across B. for C. on D. into
24.A. when B. as C. while D. if
25.A. really B. mainly C. slightly D. nearly
26. A. make B. turn C. get D. put
27. A. small B. big C. fewer D. larger
28.A. need B. attempt C. tend D. intend
29. A. saying B. telling C. knowing D. judging
30.A. in a different way B. in equal measure C. in turns D. alternatively
31. A. favor B. approve C. find D. focus
32. A. difficulty B. ability C. possibility D. certainty
33. A. interest B. gap C. similarity D. concern
34. A. little B. least C. less D. more
35. A. supports B. opposes C. rejects D. counts
36. A. make B. create C. convey D. prove
37. A. therefore B. however C. although D. moreover
38. A. separated B. related C. expected D. complicated
39. A. comes to B. talks about C. turns to D. gets to
40. A. puzzling B. lost C. exciting D. upset
World Expo 2010 Shanghai China is to be staged in Shanghai from May1 to October 31, 2010. If you plan to visit the Shanghai Expo this summer, China Pavilion is a must-see area for you.
China Pavilion, which is called Oriental Crown（东方之冠）, is located at the center of the Expo site. Standing 63 meters tall, the China Pavilion takes the shape of an emperor’s crown, with the upper layers larger than the lower ones. Covering 160,000 square meters in floor space, the pavilion consists of a national hall and a regional hall. Construction on the China Pavilion began on December 18, 2007. The design of the China Pavilion was picked from a total of 344 designs put forward by Chinese from around the world. The pavilion possesses both traditional and modern features, which helps develop the theme of the 2010 Expo: “ Better City, Better Life”. For example, it is red in appearance, which contains the elements of traditional Chinese culture, and it is green indoors, with the use of energy-saving techniques. The Shanghai World Expo is expected to attract 70 million visitors from across the globe. It is estimated that 400,000 people will visit the Expo and its 140 pavilions every day during the period, but the China Pavilion is only able to receive about one tenth of the total. How to accommodate so many people in the pavilion remains a tough task. Luckily, the China Pavilion is built as a permanent landmark.
During the Expo, the main structure will be used for an exhibition based on the theme of “ Chinese wisdom in urban development” by explaining the values of harmony, nature and spirit. The three-story pavilion has three sections. The top floor’s “Footprint of the East” will show some of the changes in Chinese cities. There, you can see a film which shows how Chinese cities have changed, especially in the past 30 years. According to Lu Chuan, director of the film, the scenery is like something from Lord of the Rings. On the second floor, “Journey of Wisdom” will explain China’s four great inventions. And the ground’s “Blossoming City” will display scenes from cities of the future.
1.Which of the following words can be used to describe the China Pavilion?
A. Tiny B. Round
C. Exotic（异国情调的） D. Environmentally-friendly
2.From the passage, we can infer that _____.
A. China Pavilion will be pulled down after the World Expo 2010 is over
B. China Pavilion will probably continue to be open to visitors after the Expo is over
C. you can continue to visit the other pavilions after the Expo is over
D. some foreign friends took part in the designs of the China Pavilion
3. On the second floor, you can _________.
A. enjoy a film about the changes of cities in China
B. learn what Shanghai looked like in the 1920s
C. find out how paper was invented
D. see how Chinese cities will look like in the future
完形填空：（共20小题；每小题1．5分，满分30分）
In history,a real cowboy was a simple farm worker on horseback．He spent a long time a day outdoors working with cows．The work was dirty,tiring and not very well paid．
People in the western states had to __36__ cattle at low cost and send them by railway to the eastern __37__．But someone had to __38__ the cattle and get them to the nearest railroad．This was the job of a cowboy．Sometimes the __39__ was more than a thousand kilometers away and it could take as __40__ as six months to move the cattle．The __41__ was long but the cattle were driven __42__ as not to lose __43__．Then they could be sold at a good price．
Most cowboys were young, __44__ men．A good horse _45__ their job of moving cattle much easier．A good cowboy __46__ cows and knew how to control them．At night,he __47__ to the cows to keep them calm．
In the late 1800s,America was changing from a nation of farm to one of __48__ and cities．The cowboy seemed __49__ compared with other Americans doing ordinary jobs．
Today,the __50__ of cowboys has __51__ greatly．One change is the use of trucks．The job is not so hard __52__ it used to be．And cowboys are better __53__ now．They are _54__ to be married．Some of them are farmers or teachers or truck drivers．Some work for big companies．
__55__ at night and on weekends,they become cowboys．These part-time cowboys increase the total production of meat,keeping the beef price low．
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A. Using expensive testing equipment B. Staffing a modern hospital C. Testing becoming a great help D. Cost of medical accidents E. Cost of training medical workers F. Measures of reducing medical costs |
1._____________________
Physicians’ fees are only one reason for rising health costs in the United States. Medical research has produced many tests to diagnose, or discover, patients’ illness. Physicians usually feel obliged to order enough tests to rule out all likely causes of a patient’s symptoms. A routine laboratory bill for blood tests can easily be more than $100.
2. _____________________
Sophisticated new machines have been developed to enable physicians to scan body organs with a clarity never before possible. One technique involves the use of ultrasound – sound waves beyond the frequencies that human beings can hear – to produce images. Others use computers to capture and analyze images produced by X-rays or magnetic fields. These machines are extremely expensive: The price of a single machine can exceed one million dollars.
3._____________________
New technologies also mean new personnel. Physicians, nurses and orderlies can no longer staff a hospital alone. Hospitals now require a bewildering number of technical specialists to administer new tests and operate advanced medical equipment.
4._____________________
Physicians and hospitals also must buy malpractice insurance to protect themselves should they be sued for negligence by patients who feel they have been mistreated or have received inadequate care. The rates for this insurance have been raised very steeply in the last ten years, as patients have become more medically knowledgeable, and as juries sometimes awarded very large amounts of money to injured patients.
5. _____________________
As a result, hospital costs and physicians’ fees rose steadily through the 1990s. Government agencies became convinced that it was necessary to limit rising medical costs. One approach is to require hospitals to prove that a need exists for new buildings and services. Hospitals also have faced pressure to run their operations more efficiently, and to decrease the duration of hospital stays for patients receiving routine treatment or minor surgery.
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